{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:31:45Z","timestamp":1777930305161,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MTU Aero Engines AG, Germany","award":["Financial support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Financial support"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Post DHL Group, Germany","award":["Financial support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Financial support"]}]},{"name":"DACHSER SE, Germany","award":["Financial support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Financial support"]}]},{"name":"S\u00fcdwestmetall: employers\u2019 association of the metal and electrical industry Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg","award":["Unrestricted grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unrestricted grant"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007487","name":"basf corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Financial support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Financial support"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007487","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AUDI AG, Germany","award":["Financial support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Financial support"]}]},{"name":"Itturi GmbH, Germany","award":["Financial support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Financial support"]}]},{"name":"Daimler AG, Germany","award":["Financial support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Financial support"]}]},{"name":"BMW AG, Germany","award":["Financial support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Financial support"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of using a passive back-support exoskeleton (Laevo V2.56) on muscle activity, posture, heart rate, performance, usability, and wearer comfort during a course of three industrial tasks (COU; exoskeleton worn, turned-on), stair climbing test (SCT; exoskeleton worn, turned-off), timed-up-and-go test (TUG; exoskeleton worn, turned-off) compared to no exoskeleton.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Back-support exoskeletons have the potential to reduce work-related physical demands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-six men participated. Activity of erector spinae (ES), biceps femoris (BF), rectus abdominis (RA), vastus lateralis (VL), gastrocnemius medialis (GM), trapezius descendens (TD) was recorded by electromyography; posture by trunk, hip, knee flexion angles; heart rate by electrocardiography; performance by time-to-task accomplishment (s) and perceived task difficulty (100-mm visual analogue scale; VAS); usability by the System Usability Scale (SUS) and all items belonging to domains skepticism and user-friendliness of the Technology Usage Inventory; wearer comfort by the 100-mm VAS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During parts of COU, using the exoskeleton decreased ES and BF activity and trunk flexion, and increased RA, GM, and TD activity, knee and hip flexion. Wearing the exoskeleton increased time-to-task accomplishment of SCT, TUG, and COU and perceived difficulty of SCT and TUG. Average SUS was 75.4, skepticism 11.5\/28.0, user-friendliness 18.0\/21.0, wearer comfort 31.1 mm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the exoskeleton modified muscle activity and posture depending on the task applied, slightly impaired performance, and was evaluated mildly uncomfortable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These outcomes require investigating the effects of this passive back-supporting exoskeleton in longitudinal studies with longer operating times, providing better insights for guiding their application in real work settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211007267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T11:20:45Z","timestamp":1618572045000},"page":"5-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Using a Back Exoskeleton During Industrial and Functional Tasks\u2014Effects on Muscle Activity, Posture, Performance, Usability, and Wearer Discomfort in a Laboratory Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Tessy","family":"Luger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen and University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Wilhelmstra\u00dfe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"B\u00e4r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen and University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Wilhelmstra\u00dfe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Seibt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen and University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Wilhelmstra\u00dfe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika A.","family":"Rieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen and University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Wilhelmstra\u00dfe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Steinhilber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen and University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Wilhelmstra\u00dfe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208211007267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.12.021"},{"key":"bibr2-00187208211007267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2007.10.012"},{"key":"bibr3-00187208211007267","unstructured":"Agnew M. 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