{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:02:31Z","timestamp":1777669351825,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-19-C-2026."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-19-C-2026."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evaluate and model the advantage of a situation awareness (SA) supported by an augmented reality (AR) display for the ground-based joint terminal attack Controller (JTAC), in judging and describing the spatial relations between objects in a hostile zone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The accurate world-referenced description of relative locations of surface objects, when viewed from an oblique slant angle (aircraft, observation post) is hindered by (1) the compression of the visual scene, amplified at a lower slang angle, (2) the need for mental rotation, when viewed from a non-northerly orientation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants viewed a virtual reality (VR)-simulated four-object scene from either of two slant angles, at each of four compass orientations, either unaided, or aided by an AR head-mounted display (AR-HMD), depicting the scene from a top-down (avoiding compression) and north-up (avoiding mental rotation) perspective. They described the geographical layout of four objects within the display.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with the control condition, that condition supported by the north-up SA display shortened the description time, particularly on non-northerly orientations (9 s, 30% benefit), and improved the accuracy of description, particularly for the more compressed scene (lower slant angle), as fit by a simple computational model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SA display provides large, significant benefits to this critical phase of ground-air communications in managing an attack\u2014as predicted by the task analysis of the JTAC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results impact the design of the AR-HMD to support combat ground-air communications and illustrate the magnitude by which basic cognitive principles \u201cscale up\u201d to realistically simulated real-world tasks such as search and rescue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211022468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:14:11Z","timestamp":1622679251000},"page":"651-662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mitigating the Costs of Spatial Transformations With a Situation Awareness Augmented Reality Display: Assistance for the Joint Terminal Attack Controller 3-17"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6789-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Wickens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Ft Collins, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domenick","family":"Mifsud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Ft Collins, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richi","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Ft Collins, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco R.","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Ft Collins, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208211022468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327043hup0504_3"},{"key":"bibr17-00187208211022468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00037"},{"key":"bibr2-00187208211022468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482295177-47"},{"key":"bibr3-00187208211022468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p100313"},{"key":"bibr4-00187208211022468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.5.3.284"},{"key":"bibr5-00187208211022468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779649256"},{"key":"bibr6-00187208211022468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088602800406"},{"key":"bibr7-00187208211022468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(75)90004-3"},{"key":"bibr8-00187208211022468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0701_3"},{"key":"bibr9-00187208211022468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779480497"},{"key":"bibr10-00187208211022468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120204601707"},{"key":"bibr11-00187208211022468","unstructured":"United States Marine Corps. 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