{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:52:51Z","timestamp":1780498371663,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016821","name":"Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX12AR19G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX12AR19G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Several studies were conducted to assess media-specific communication protocols as a countermeasure to challenges of asynchronous space\u2013ground communication.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Previous research demonstrated that transmission delay can negatively impact space\u2013ground communication, collaboration, and task performance. We created media-specific protocols designed to mitigate identified problems associated with asynchronous communication and examined their effects on team communication and task performance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The lab study included 24 teams of three who collaborated remotely via voice or text on computer-based tasks simulating failures in a spacecraft\u2019s life support system. Training and availability of communication protocols was the between-groups variable. Perceived usability, criticality, and effectiveness of the communication protocols were also assessed in space\u2013analog simulations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Lab study data revealed that communication protocols facilitated some aspects of team communication; specifically, they reduced threats to common ground and information splitting but not instances of miscommunication. Analog data indicated that protocol compliance was high, participants evaluated most elements as highly important, and protocols maintained perceived communication effectiveness between space crews and mission control during time delay comparably to no-time-delay conditions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Converging data attest to the feasibility, usability, and effectiveness of empirically derived communication protocols as a countermeasure to the negative impacts of transmission delay and also point to technological solutions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Application<\/jats:title>\n The communication protocols have been adopted for training in NASA analog simulations involving time-delayed communication. They could also support communication among remote team members in medical operations, command-and-control teams, or disaster response under asynchronous conditions or when time is limited and precise communication is critical.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211047085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T13:56:11Z","timestamp":1634651771000},"page":"1235-1250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Meeting the Challenge of Transmission Delay: Communication Protocols for Space Operations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Kathleen L.","family":"Mosier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco State University, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute M.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208211047085","volume-title":"Safe passage: Astronaut care for exploration missions","author":"Ball J. 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