{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:12:35Z","timestamp":1781194355684,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]],"date-time":"2021-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX15AW35G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX15AW35G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We define and demonstrate the use of OPM-TA\u2014a model-based task analysis (TA) framework that uses object-process methodology (OPM) ISO 19450 as a viable alternative to traditional TA techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A variety of different TA methods exist in human factors engineering, and several of them are often applied successively for a broad task representation, making it difficult to follow.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using OPM-TA, we modeled how an International Space Station (ISS) astronaut would support extravehicular activities using the existing robotic arm workstation with a new control panel and an electronic procedure system. The modeling employed traditional TA methods and the new OPM-TA approach, enabling a comparison between them.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the initial stages of modeling with OPM-TA follow those of traditional TA, OPM-TA modeling yields an executable and logically verifiable model of the entire human\u2013robot system. Both OPM\u2019s hierarchical set of diagrams and the equivalent, automatically generated statements in a subset of natural language text specify how objects and processes relate to each other at increasingly detailed levels. The graphic and textual OPM modalities specify the system\u2019s architecture, which enables its function and benefits its users. To verify the model logical correctness model, we executed it using OPM\u2019s simulation capability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OPM-TA was able to unify traditional TA methods and expand their capabilities. The formal yet intuitive OPM-TA approach fuses and extends traditional TA methods, which are not amenable to simulation. It therefore can potentially become a widely used means for TA and human\u2013machine procedure development and testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211048384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T08:48:30Z","timestamp":1633337310000},"page":"1451-1472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Object-Process Methodology as an Alternative to Human Factors Task Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Dov","family":"Dori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology, Israel"},{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6642-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Jbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology, Israel"},{"name":"Netanya Academic College, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongkai E.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles M.","family":"Oman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208211048384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203489925.ch33"},{"key":"bibr2-00187208211048384","unstructured":"Annett J., Duncan K. D. (1967). Task analysis and training design. http:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED019566"},{"key":"bibr3-00187208211048384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482289275"},{"key":"bibr5-00187208211048384","unstructured":"Crystal A., Ellington B. (2004). Task analysis and human-computer interaction: Approaches, techniques, and levels of analysis. AMCIS 2004 Proceedings, December. http:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/amcis2004\/391"},{"key":"bibr6-00187208211048384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120204600106"},{"key":"bibr7-00187208211048384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12470"},{"key":"bibr8-00187208211048384","volume-title":"Object-process methodology - a holistic systems paradigm. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 2002. 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