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The presented experiment aimed at validating relevant findings while uncovering potential effects of motion cues and real risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-two participants responded to four critical transitions on a test track. Non-driving related task modality (reading on a handheld device vs. auditory) and take-over timing (cognitive load) were varied on two levels. We evaluated take-over and NDRT performance as well as gaze behavior. Further, trust and workload were assessed with scales and interviews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reaction times were significantly faster than in simulator studies. Further, reaction times were only barely affected by varying visual, physical, or cognitive load. Post-take-over control was significantly degraded with the handheld device. Experiencing the system reduced participants\u2019 distrust, and distrusting participants monitored the system longer and more frequently. NDRTs on a handheld device resulted in more safety-critical situations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results confirm that take-over performance is mainly influenced by visual-cognitive load, while physical load did not significantly affect responses. Future take-over request (TOR) studies may investigate situation awareness and post-take-over control rather than reaction times only. Trust and distrust can be considered as different dimensions in AV research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conditionally AVs should offer dedicated interfaces for NDRTs to provide an alternative to using nomadic devices. These interfaces should be designed in a way to maintain drivers\u2019 situation awareness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Pr\u00e9cis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper presents a test track experiment addressing conditionally automated driving systems. Twenty-two participants responded to critical TORs, where we varied NDRT modality and take-over timing. In addition, we assessed trust and workload with standardized scales and interviews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211051435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T01:57:24Z","timestamp":1639619844000},"page":"1776-1792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Evaluation of Imminent Take-Over Requests With Real Automation on a Test Track"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Wintersberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Wien, Austria"},{"name":"CARISSMA, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (THI), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Schartm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARISSMA, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (THI), Germany"},{"name":"Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadan","family":"Sadeghian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Siegen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Katharina","family":"Frison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARISSMA, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (THI), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Riener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARISSMA, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (THI), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Road vehicles \u2013 measurement of driver visual behaviour with respect to transport information and control systems \u2013 Part 1: Definitions and parameters (ISO15007-1:2014)","author":"Automobiltechnik D.-N.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Automobiltechnik D.-N. 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