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Brain imaging using functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) can facilitate development of VR-based adaptive training systems that can continuously assess the trainee\u2019s states of learning and cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to model the neural dynamics associated with learning and retrieval under stress in a VR-based emergency response training exercise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty firefighters underwent an emergency shutdown training in VR and were randomly assigned to either a control or a stress group. The stress group experienced stressors including smoke, fire, and explosions during the familiarization and training phase. Both groups underwent a stress memory retrieval and no-stress memory retrieval condition. Participant\u2019s performance scores, fNIRS-based neural activity, and functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and motor regions were obtained for the training and retrieval phases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The performance scores indicate that the rate of learning was slower in the stress group compared to the control group, but both groups performed similarly during each retrieval condition. Compared to the control group, the stress group exhibited suppressed PFC activation. However, they showed stronger connectivity within the PFC regions during the training and between PFC and motor regions during the retrieval phases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While stress impaired performance during training, adoption of stress-adaptive neural strategies (i.e., stronger brain connectivity) were associated with comparable performance between the stress and the control groups during the retrieval phase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211054894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T20:39:31Z","timestamp":1638736771000},"page":"1804-1820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Modeling Brain Dynamics During Virtual Reality-Based Emergency Response Learning Under Stress"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Oshin","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wm. Michael Barnes '64 Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hopko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wm. Michael Barnes '64 Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wm. Michael Barnes '64 Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA"}]},{"given":"Yangming","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8254-8365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjana K.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wm. Michael Barnes '64 Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afergan D. Peck E. M. Solovey E. T. Jenkins A. Hincks S. W. Brown E. T. Jacob R. J. (2014). 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