{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:04:24Z","timestamp":1777669464846,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA Human Research Program","award":["NNJ15HK11B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNJ15HK11B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In future deep space exploration missions, crew will have to work more autonomously from Earth. Greater crew autonomy will increase dependence on automated systems. This study investigates the performance effects of different strategies to automate procedural work for space exploration operations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The following strategies are investigated for performing procedural work: \u2022\u2002 Manual Work uses no procedure automation and crew performs all actions. \u2022\u2002 Shared Work uses procedure automation to perform some actions within a procedure while crew performs other actions. \u2022\u2002 Supervised Work uses procedure automation to perform procedure actions while crew supervises the automation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-seven participants participated in a planetary habitat scenario-based simulation using electronic procedures with automatable actions to investigate the effect of these strategies on situation awareness (SA) and workload. This study used a modification of the Situation Presence Assessment Method to measure SA and the Bedford Workload Scale to measure subjective workload.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean response times and accuracy for SA queries show no significant difference among the three strategies. Bedford Workload ratings compared across the three strategies indicate that participants rated their workload as highest in the Manual Work condition, followed by the Shared Work condition, and lowest in the Supervised Work condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study hypothesized that increased levels of automation would lead to lower subjective workload and decreased SA. Although no significant difference in SA was observed, subjective workload was lower in automation strategies. Based on subjective ratings, 93% of participants preferred some form of automation, with 56% preferring the Shared Work automation condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211060978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T10:10:55Z","timestamp":1643364655000},"page":"1161-1172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of Automating Procedural Work on Situation Awareness and Workload"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Debra","family":"Schreckenghost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TRACLabs, Webster, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kritina","family":"Holden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leidos, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KBR, Webster, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tod","family":"Milam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TRACLabs, Webster, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honeywell International, Phoenix, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208211060978","volume-title":"AAAI Spring Symposium, The Design of the User Experience for Artificial Intelligence (the UX of AI)","author":"Billman D.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr2-00187208211060978","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931215591060"},{"key":"bibr3-00187208211060978","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931214581075"},{"key":"bibr4-00187208211060978","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25928-2_3"},{"key":"bibr5-00187208211060978","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Aviation Psychology","author":"Carmody M. 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A procedure representation language for human spaceflight operations. In The 9th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Automation in Space (i-SAIRAS-08). 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