{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:04:09Z","timestamp":1777669449891,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We review the effects of COVID-19 on the human sense of smell (olfaction) and discuss implications for human-system interactions. We emphasize how critical smell is and how the widespread loss of smell due to COVID-19 will impact human-system interaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 reduces the sense of smell in people who contract the disease. Thus far, olfaction has received relatively little attention from human factors\/ergonomics professionals. While smell is not a primary means of human-system communication, humans rely on smell in many important ways related to both quality of life and safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We briefly review and synthesize the rapidly expanding literature through September 2020 on the topic of smell loss caused by COVID-19. We interpret findings in terms of their relevance to human factors\/ergonomics researchers and practitioners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since March 2020 dozens of articles have been published that report smell loss in COVID-19 patients. The prevalence and duration of COVID-19-related smell loss is still under investigation, but the available data suggest that it may leave many people with long-term deficits and distortions in sense of smell.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We suggest that the human factors\/ergonomics community could become more aware of the importance of the sense of smell and focus on accommodating the increasing number of people with reduced olfactory performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We present examples of how olfaction can augment human-system communication and how human factors\/ergonomics professionals might accommodate people with olfactory dysfunction. While seemingly at odds, both of these goals can be achieved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720821990162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T03:40:38Z","timestamp":1612150838000},"page":"759-765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of COVID-19 on Sense of Smell: Human Factors\/Ergonomics Considerations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"E. Leslie","family":"Cameron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carthage College, Kenosha, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Per M\u00f8ller Consulting, Bagsv\u00e6rd, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0523-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith S.","family":"Karn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Factors in Context LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720821990162","volume":"34","author":"Bagheri S. H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720821990162","author":"Burges Watson D. 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