{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:04:18Z","timestamp":1777669458323,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31671148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31671148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"national key research and development program of china","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFB1001203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB1001203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"national key research and development program of china","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC0831101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0831101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined whether professional air traffic controllers (ATCos) were subject to peak-end effects in reporting their mental workload after performing an air traffic control task, and in predicting their mental workload in future scenarios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In affective experience studies, people\u2019s evaluation of a period of experience is strongly influenced by the most intense (peak) point and the endpoint. However, whether the effects exist in mental workload evaluations made by professional operators is still not known.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Study 1, 20 ATCos performed air traffic control scenarios on high-fidelity radar simulators and reported their mental workload. We used a 2 (high peak, low peak) \u00d7 2 (high end, low end) within-subject design. In Study 2, another group of 43 ATCos completed a survey asking them to predict their mental workload given the same air traffic control scenarios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Study 1, ATCos reported higher mental workload after completing the high-peak and the high-end scenarios. In contrast, in Study 2, ATCos predicted the peak workload effect but not the end workload effect when asked to predict their experience in dealing with the same scenarios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peak and end effects exist in subjective mental workload evaluation, but experts only had meta-cognitive awareness of the peak effect, and not the end effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Researchers and practitioners that use subjective workload estimates for work design decisions need to be aware of the potential impact of peak and end task demand effects on subjective mental workload ratings provided by expert operators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720821994355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T21:54:00Z","timestamp":1614808440000},"page":"1292-1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Exploring the Peak-End Effects in Air Traffic Controllers\u2019 Mental Workload Ratings"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1340-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Yazhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Air Traffic Management Bureau CAAC, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5434-0348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayne","family":"Loft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Western Australia, Perth"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2002.1052916"},{"key":"bibr2-0018720821994355","first-page":"333","volume":"75","author":"Averty P.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr3-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600779744"},{"key":"bibr4-0018720821994355","volume-title":"A review of the mental workload literature","author":"Cain B","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr5-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2001-5242"},{"key":"bibr6-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702139"},{"key":"bibr7-0018720821994355","volume-title":"Validation of a methodology for predicting performance and workload (European Experimental Centre Note No.7\/99)","author":"Cullen L","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr8-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2009.02.004"},{"key":"bibr9-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.07.009"},{"key":"bibr10-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812443983"},{"key":"bibr11-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020605"},{"key":"bibr12-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.1.45"},{"key":"bibr13-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.1755"},{"key":"bibr14-0018720821994355","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, Vol. 2. Cognitive Processes and Performance","author":"Gopher D.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr15-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120504901213"},{"key":"bibr16-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818809590"},{"key":"bibr18-0018720821994355","first-page":"904","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting","volume":"9","author":"Hart S. G","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr17-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"bibr19-0018720821994355","volume-title":"Cognitive complexity in air traffic control: A literature review","author":"Hilburn B","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr20-0018720821994355","volume-title":"The impact of structure on cognitive complexity in air traffic control","author":"Histon J. M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr21-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20831"},{"key":"bibr22-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922021000054335"},{"key":"bibr23-0018720821994355","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th USA\/Europe Air traffic management R & D seminar","volume":"139","author":"Kopardekar P.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr24-0018720821994355","first-page":"15","volume-title":"26th international congress of the aeronautical sciences (ICAS 2008), and AIAA-ATIO-2008-8885","author":"Kopardekar P.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr25-0018720821994355","volume-title":"Dynamic density: An air traffic management metric","author":"Laudeman I.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr27-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016118"},{"key":"bibr26-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X197017"},{"key":"bibr28-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463304002863"},{"key":"bibr29-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e453392004-001"},{"key":"bibr30-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814539505"},{"key":"bibr31-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720053653802"},{"key":"bibr32-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007779598037"},{"key":"bibr33-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045106"},{"key":"bibr34-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813491283"},{"key":"bibr35-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130701235232"},{"key":"bibr36-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213601991"},{"key":"bibr37-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(96)02994-6"},{"key":"bibr54-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(96)02994-6"},{"key":"bibr38-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.11.002"},{"key":"bibr39-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.129.1.27"},{"key":"bibr40-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137108931277"},{"key":"bibr41-0018720821994355","volume-title":"\u201cAir traffic controller workload: An examination of a workload probe,\u201d","author":"Stein E. S","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr42-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816655941"},{"key":"bibr43-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90033-9"},{"key":"bibr44-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2013.810891"},{"key":"bibr45-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-018-0481-3"},{"key":"bibr46-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118131350.ch8"},{"key":"bibr47-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00184"},{"key":"bibr48-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288394"},{"key":"bibr49-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026783700417249"},{"key":"bibr51-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2014.956151"},{"key":"bibr50-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130410001686348"},{"key":"bibr52-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22507-0_12"},{"key":"bibr53-0018720821994355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1009498"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720821994355","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0018720821994355","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0018720821994355","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:53:12Z","timestamp":1777449192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0018720821994355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0018720821994355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720821994355","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]}}}