{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:56:27Z","timestamp":1787860587739,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this review, we investigate the relationship between agent transparency, Situation Awareness, mental workload, and operator performance for safety critical domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The advancement of highly sophisticated automation across safety critical domains poses a challenge for effective human oversight. Automation transparency is a design principle that could support humans by making the automation\u2019s inner workings observable (i.e., \u201cseeing-into\u201d). However, experimental support for this has not been systematically documented to date.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the PRISMA method, a broad and systematic search of the literature was performed focusing on identifying empirical research investigating the effect of transparency on central Human Factors variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our final sample consisted of 17 experimental studies that investigated transparency in a controlled setting. The studies typically employed three human-automation interaction types: responding to agent-generated proposals, supervisory control of agents, and monitoring only. There is an overall trend in the data pointing towards a beneficial effect of transparency. However, the data reveals variations in Situation Awareness, mental workload, and operator performance for specific tasks, agent-types, and level of integration of transparency information in primary task displays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data suggests a promising effect of automation transparency on Situation Awareness and operator performance, without the cost of added mental workload, for instances where humans respond to agent-generated proposals and where humans have a supervisory role.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strategies to improve human performance when interacting with intelligent agents should focus on allowing humans to see into its information processing stages, considering the integration of information in existing Human Machine Interface solutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208221077804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T06:51:42Z","timestamp":1646981502000},"page":"180-208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Agent Transparency, Situation Awareness, Mental Workload, and Operator Performance: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0168-872X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"van de Merwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DNV, H\u00f8vik, Norway"},{"name":"University of South-Eastern Norway, Borre, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1713-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Mallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South-Eastern Norway, Borre, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2058-6147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salman","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South-Eastern Norway, Borre, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(83)90046-8"},{"key":"bibr2-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X200076"},{"key":"bibr3-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103243"},{"key":"bibr4-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2020.2965529"},{"key":"bibr5-00187208221077804","volume-title":"Systematic approaches to a successful literature review","author":"Booth A.","year":"2016","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr6-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-017-0438-y"},{"key":"bibr7-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2017.1315750"},{"key":"bibr8-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA600351"},{"key":"bibr9-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2015.7353707"},{"key":"bibr10-00187208221077804","unstructured":"Chen T., Campbell D. A., Gonzalez F., Coppin G. (2014). The effect of autonomy transparency in human-robot interactions: A preliminary study on operator cognitive workload and situation awareness in multiple heterogeneous UAV management. In Proceedings of Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation 2014. https:\/\/www.araa.asn.au\/acra\/acra2014\/papers\/pap166.pdf"},{"key":"bibr11-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-3601(02)02003-9"},{"key":"bibr12-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101964"},{"key":"bibr13-00187208221077804","volume-title":"DNVGL-CG-0264: Autonomous and remotely operated ships","author":"DNV","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr14-00187208221077804","volume-title":"Towards A rigorous science of interpretable machine learning","author":"Doshi-Velez F.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr15-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.05.025"},{"key":"bibr16-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2012.2213809"},{"key":"bibr17-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128803200221"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr18-00187208221077804","first-page":"217","volume":"37","author":"Endsley M. R.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"bibr19-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816681350"},{"key":"bibr20-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203485088"},{"key":"bibr21-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12461"},{"key":"bibr22-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185595"},{"key":"bibr23-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779064555"},{"key":"bibr24-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816685832"},{"key":"bibr25-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919847202"},{"key":"bibr26-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2014.6974381"},{"key":"bibr27-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1676519"},{"key":"bibr28-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119636113.ch7"},{"key":"bibr29-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1064804613477099"},{"key":"bibr30-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07515-0_3"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr31-00187208221077804","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"Hepworth A. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"bibr32-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816678714"},{"key":"bibr33-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/atcq.22.2.115"},{"key":"bibr34-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.05.011"},{"key":"bibr35-00187208221077804","volume-title":"Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), 100th session, 3-7 December 2018","author":"IMO","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr36-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819842709"},{"key":"bibr37-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5898\/JHRI.3.1.Johnson"},{"key":"bibr38-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3017.2011"},{"key":"bibr39-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50_30392"},{"key":"bibr40-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20826"},{"key":"bibr41-00187208221077804","volume-title":"The mythos of model interpretability","author":"Lipton Z. C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr42-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.03.046"},{"key":"bibr43-00187208221077804","first-page":"48","author":"Lyons J. B.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium"},{"key":"bibr44-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343411433844"},{"key":"bibr45-00187208221077804","volume-title":"The history of human factors and ergonomics","author":"Meister D.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr46-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815621206"},{"key":"bibr47-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720053653802"},{"key":"bibr48-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"bibr49-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1"},{"key":"bibr50-00187208221077804","volume-title":"Human-AI teaming: State of the art and research needs","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr51-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1990.0101"},{"key":"bibr52-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.06.001"},{"key":"bibr53-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820960865"},{"key":"bibr54-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813501549"},{"key":"bibr55-00187208221077804","volume-title":"Proceedings volume 9084: Unmanned systems technology XVI","author":"Ososky S.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr56-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343419881563"},{"key":"bibr57-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886"},{"key":"bibr58-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.844354"},{"key":"bibr59-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470754887"},{"key":"bibr60-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-019-00552-9"},{"key":"bibr61-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC42975.2020.9282970"},{"key":"bibr62-00187208221077804","first-page":"312","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multiagent Systems","author":"Rao A. S.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr63-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1983.6313160"},{"key":"bibr64-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820965019"},{"key":"bibr65-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2019.2914667"},{"key":"bibr66-00187208221077804","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence: A modern approach","author":"Russell S. J.","year":"2022","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr67-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2016.7777998"},{"key":"bibr68-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CogSIMA.2014.6816556"},{"key":"bibr69-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51924-7_6"},{"key":"bibr70-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/12460125.2020.1819094"},{"key":"bibr71-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2013.05.009"},{"key":"bibr72-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931215591246"},{"key":"bibr73-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2017.02.003"},{"key":"bibr74-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA057655"},{"key":"bibr75-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1668828"},{"key":"bibr76-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819887252"},{"key":"bibr77-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Society of Automotive Engineers (2021). Taxonomy and definitions for terms Related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles (J3016_202104 (pp. 1\u201341). Society of Automotive Engineers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/J3016_202104","DOI":"10.4271\/J3016_202104"},{"key":"bibr78-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S037346330700447X"},{"key":"bibr79-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2020.2978041"},{"key":"bibr80-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2017.2732506"},{"key":"bibr81-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10508414.2012.663241"},{"key":"bibr82-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-020-00642-z"},{"key":"bibr83-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJITM.2017.080958"},{"key":"bibr84-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720024494829"},{"key":"bibr85-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181319631100"},{"key":"bibr86-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820976476"},{"key":"bibr87-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2015.2482480"},{"key":"bibr88-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343417727438"},{"key":"bibr89-00187208221077804","volume-title":"Engineering psychology and human performance","author":"Wickens C. D.","year":"2013","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr90-00187208221077804","unstructured":"Wright J. L., Chen J. Y. C., Barnes M. J., Hancock P. A. (2017). Agent reasoning transparency: The influence of information level on automation induced complacency (ARL-TR-8044 (p. 214). US Army Research Laboratory. Human Research and Engineering Directorate. https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/dtic\/tr\/fulltext\/u2\/1035306.pdf"},{"key":"bibr91-00187208221077804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2019.2925717"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208221077804","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00187208221077804","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208221077804","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:53:14Z","timestamp":1777449194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00187208221077804"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00187208221077804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00187208221077804","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]}}}