{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:09:49Z","timestamp":1777669789377,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18RHCOR087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18RHCOR087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We determined whether the human capability for sensemaking, or for identifying essential elements of information (EEIs), could be enhanced by a simulated recognition aid that directed attention to people and vehicles in scenes or by a simulated recognition aid that directed attention to EEIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For intelligence analysts, sensemaking is challenging because it frequently involves making inferences about uncertain data. One way to enhance sensemaking may involve collaboration from a machine recognition aid such as Project Maven, an established algorithm that directs analysts\u2019 attention to people and vehicles in scenes. We simulated the directed attention of Project Maven as well as a machine recognition aid that directed attention to EEIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We created full-motion videos of simulated compounds viewed by an overhead camera. Sensemaking was assessed by measuring participants\u2019 ability to predict events and identify signs. Participants\u2019 attention was directed by placing small globe symbols above either all people and vehicles, or all EEIs. Novices and intelligence analysts participated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simulated recognition aids directing participants\u2019 attention to EEIs improved EEI identification but directing attention to people and vehicles (emulating Project Maven) did not. Participants\u2019 sensemaking was not enhanced by either type of simulated recognition aid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Guiding attention to features in a scene improves their identification whereas indiscriminate steering of attention to entities in the scene does not improve understanding of the holistic meaning of events, unless attention is drawn to relevant signs of those events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results contribute to our goal of determining which human-machine systems improve the sensemaking capability of intelligence analysts in the field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208221120461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T09:39:52Z","timestamp":1662197992000},"page":"1056-1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of Simulated Recognition Aids for Human Sensemaking in Applied Surveillance Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4586-9987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary E.","family":"Frame","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parallax Advanced Research, Beavercreek, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Maresca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parallax Advanced Research, Beavercreek, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Christensen-Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parallax Advanced Research, Beavercreek, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0174-3872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert E.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442682139"},{"key":"bibr2-00187208221120461","unstructured":"Clark C. (2019). Air combat commander doesn\u2019t trust project Maven\u2019s artificial intelligence\u2014yet. Retrieved May, 24, 2020."},{"key":"bibr3-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.177"},{"key":"bibr4-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng J., Dong W., Socher R., Li L.J., Li K., Fei-Fei L. (2009). Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. In: 2009 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 20\u201325 June 2009, Miami, FL, 248\u2013255.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"bibr5-00187208221120461","volume-title":"(1991). Peirce on signs: Writings on semiotic","author":"Dervin B.","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr26-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049499"},{"key":"bibr6-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120004400117"},{"key":"bibr7-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1154-0"},{"key":"bibr8-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.2267"},{"key":"bibr9-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2015612"},{"key":"bibr27-00187208221120461","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Surveillance, and Military Operations","author":"Hogue S.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr10-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2006.100"},{"key":"bibr11-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2003.1200735"},{"key":"bibr12-00187208221120461","author":"Leedom D. K.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Command and Control Research"},{"key":"bibr13-00187208221120461","author":"McLeary P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breaking Defense"},{"key":"bibr14-00187208221120461","unstructured":"Minsky M. (1974). A framework for representing knowledge."},{"key":"bibr15-00187208221120461","volume-title":"Sensemaking: A structure for an Intelligence Revolution","author":"Moore D. T.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr16-00187208221120461","author":"Oswalt I.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of MODSIM World"},{"key":"bibr17-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2018.2816584"},{"key":"bibr19-00187208221120461","volume-title":"Collected papers of cs peirce","author":"Peirce C. S.","year":"1960"},{"key":"bibr20-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/13.3.24"},{"key":"bibr21-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2015.11.002"},{"key":"bibr22-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell D. M., Stefik M. J., Pirolli P., Card S. K. (1993). The cost structure of sensemaking. In: Proceedings of the INTERACT\u201993 and CHI\u201993 conference on Human factors in computing systems, Amsterdam The Netherland, 24\u201329 April 1993, 269\u2013276.","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169209"},{"key":"bibr23-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2631787719879937"},{"key":"bibr24-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/semi.1982.42.1.25"},{"key":"bibr25-00187208221120461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2015.50"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208221120461","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00187208221120461","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208221120461","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208221120461","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:53:45Z","timestamp":1777449225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00187208221120461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00187208221120461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00187208221120461","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]}}}