{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:08:59Z","timestamp":1777669739495,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed multivariate law enforcement officer (LEO) body models for digital simulation of LEO accommodation in police cruiser cabs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anthropometrically accurate digital LEO body models, representing the United States LEOs, for computerized LEO cruiser interface simulations are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty body dimensions (with and without gear combined) of 756 male and 218 female LEOs were collected through a stratified national survey using a data collection trailer that traveled across the US. A multivariate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) approach was used to develop digital LEO body models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen men and 15 women representing unique body size and shape composition of the LEO population were identified. A combined set of 24 male and female models (removal of 6 redundant models for which female and male models overlapped) is suggested.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A set of 24 digital LEO body models in 3-dimensional form, along with their anthropometric measurements, were developed to facilitate LEO cruiser cab design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Digital modeling software developers can use the models and their anthropometric data to build digital avatars for simulated evaluation of LEO cruiser cab configuration, console communication-equipment fitting, and cruiser ingress\/egress access arrangement. LEO vehicle and equipment designers also can use eight key body dimensions (i.e., stature, buttock-popliteal length, eye height sitting, knee height sitting, shoulder-grip length, popliteal height, sitting height, and body weight) of the body models to recruit 24 human subjects to physically evaluate their vehicle prototypes for improved vehicle and equipment design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208221140220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T16:48:40Z","timestamp":1668444520000},"page":"1350-1386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Body Models of Law Enforcement Officers for Cruiser Cab Accommodation Simulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2201-760X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA"},{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsui Ying","family":"Kau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Good Number Consulting Group, Inc, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Whisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Zwiener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr0102_10"},{"key":"bibr2-00187208221140220","unstructured":"Chavez N. (2017). How are police cars modified? CNN: https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2017\/08\/03\/us\/qa-modified-police-cars\/index.html."},{"key":"bibr3-00187208221140220","volume-title":"Data USA: Police Officers, 2019","author":"Data USA","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr4-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2009.11076809"},{"key":"bibr5-00187208221140220","volume-title":"Defining Extreme Forms for Designing Body Armor and Load Bearing Systems: Multivariate Analysis of Army Torso Data","author":"Gordon C. C.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr6-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsiao H. (2022). Assessment of Challenges in Patrol Vehicles and with Equipment among Law Enforcement Officers. Applied Ergonomics, (submitted for publication consideration).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2022.103946"},{"key":"bibr7-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812465640"},{"key":"bibr8-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130512331332891"},{"key":"bibr9-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130110115372"},{"key":"bibr10-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211019157"},{"key":"bibr11-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211064371"},{"key":"bibr12-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815594933"},{"key":"bibr13-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129804201013"},{"key":"bibr14-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA472518"},{"key":"bibr15-00187208221140220","volume-title":"Preventing traffic-related line-of-duty death","author":"International Association of Chiefs of Police","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr16-00187208221140220","volume-title":"Applied multivariate statistical analysis","author":"Johnson R. A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr17-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1904-8"},{"key":"bibr18-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289233"},{"key":"bibr19-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2011.11076870"},{"key":"bibr20-00187208221140220","volume-title":"A Multivariate Anthropometric Method for Crew Station Design (AL-TR- 1993-0054)","author":"Meindl R.S.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr21-00187208221140220","volume-title":"Characteristics of law enforcement officers\u2019 fatalities in motor vehicle crashes","author":"NHTSA","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr22-00187208221140220","volume-title":"The vehicle as workplace","author":"Molenbroek J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr23-00187208221140220","volume-title":"Line of Duty Deaths \u2013 Last Five Years","author":"Officer Down Memorial Page","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr24-00187208221140220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2004.10.005"},{"key":"bibr25-00187208221140220","volume-title":"Principle Component Analysis \u2013 SAS Support","author":"SAS Institute","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr26-00187208221140220","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2016). 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