{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:02:14Z","timestamp":1787018534628,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of gender transfer in virtual reality on implicit gender bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender bias is a type of discrimination based on gender, which can lead to increased self-doubt and decreased self-esteem. Sexual harassment is a hostile form of gender bias that can cause anxiety, depression, and significant mental health issues. Virtual reality (VR) has been employed to help make people become aware of their biases and change their attitudes regarding gender, race, and age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty participants were embodied in avatars of different genders and experienced sexual harassment scenarios in VR. A gender Implicit Association Test (IAT) was administered before and after the experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was a statistically significant main effect of participant gender ( F (1,36) = 10.67, p = .002, partial \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = .23) on \u0394IAT, where males and females reported a decrease (M = \u2212.12, SD = .24) and an increase (M = .10, SD = .25) in IAT scores, respectively. A statistically significant two-way interaction between gender transfer and participant gender was revealed ( F (1,36) = 6.32, p = .02, partial \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = .15). There was a significant simple effect of gender transfer for male participants ( F (1,36) = 8.70, p = .006, partial \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = .19).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Implicit gender bias can be modified, at least temporarily, through embodiment in VR. Gender transfer through embodiment while encountering different sexual harassment scenarios helped reduce implicit gender bias. There was a tendency for individuals to increase bias for the gender of the avatar in which they embodied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Applications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current research provided promising evidence that a virtual environment system may be used as a potential training tool to improve implicit gender bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208221145264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T14:50:29Z","timestamp":1672152629000},"page":"1504-1519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Examining the Effects of Gender Transfer in Virtual Reality on Implicit Gender Bias"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3724-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2904-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen B.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12173"},{"key":"bibr2-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.4.652"},{"key":"bibr3-00187208221145264","first-page":"353","volume-title":"Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications","volume":"212","author":"Amodio D. M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr4-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-016-9820-y"},{"issue":"2016","key":"bibr5-00187208221145264","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"Banakou D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bibr6-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003569"},{"key":"bibr7-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639"},{"key":"bibr8-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-8765.2010.01115.x"},{"key":"bibr9-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.12.020119"},{"key":"bibr10-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.72.1.105"},{"key":"bibr11-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baugh S. G. (1997). On the persistence of sexual harassment in the workplace.\n                      Journal of Business Ethics\n                      , 16(9), 899\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1017935203669\/METRICS","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017935203669"},{"key":"bibr12-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.06.017"},{"key":"bibr13-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801206293082"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr14-00187208221145264","first-page":"112","volume":"36","author":"Blau F. D.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"bibr15-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000552"},{"key":"bibr16-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.037"},{"key":"bibr17-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2441"},{"key":"bibr18-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.93.5.764"},{"key":"bibr19-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2019.00-12"},{"key":"bibr20-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.1.62"},{"key":"bibr21-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294117730357"},{"key":"bibr68-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1218"},{"key":"bibr22-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.5.692"},{"key":"bibr23-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Franco M., P\u00e9rez-Marcos D., Spanlang B., Slater M. (2010). The contribution of real-time mirror reflections of motor actions on virtual body ownership in an immersive virtual environment.\n                      2010 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR)\n                      , 111\u2013114, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VR.2010.5444805","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2010.5444805"},{"key":"bibr24-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00820","volume":"11","author":"Gonzalez-Liencres C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr25-00187208221145264","first-page":"1419","volume":"30","author":"Greenwald A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Medical Science Educator"},{"key":"bibr26-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.197"},{"key":"bibr27-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015575"},{"key":"bibr28-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0747-4"},{"key":"bibr29-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15534510802643750"},{"key":"bibr30-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1818-1"},{"key":"bibr31-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204494"},{"key":"bibr32-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2008.09.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr34-00187208221145264","first-page":"373","volume":"22","author":"Kilteni K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"bibr35-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00086.x"},{"key":"bibr36-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00087.x"},{"key":"bibr37-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EJTD-09-2018-0088"},{"key":"bibr38-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.645273","volume":"12","author":"Lindner P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr39-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez S., Yang Y., Beltran K., Kim S. J., Hernandez J. C., Simran C., Yang B., Yuksel B. F. (2019). Investigating implicit gender bias and embodiment of white males in virtual reality with full body visuomotor synchrony.\n                      CHI '19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems\n                      , 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300787","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300787"},{"key":"bibr40-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2013.04.002"},{"key":"bibr41-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.11.001"},{"key":"bibr42-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10672-015-9264-7"},{"key":"bibr43-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122412451728"},{"key":"bibr44-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218211031557"},{"key":"bibr45-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melo M., Sampaio S., Barbosa L., Vasconcelos-Raposo J., Bessa M. (2017). The impact of different exposure times to 360\u00b0 video experience on the sense of presence.\n                      2016 23rd Portuguese Meeting on Computer Graphics and Interaction (EPCGI)\n                      , 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EPCGI.2016.7851192","DOI":"10.1109\/EPCGI.2016.7851192"},{"key":"bibr46-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2017.11.007"},{"key":"bibr47-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvx057"},{"key":"bibr48-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00249"},{"key":"bibr49-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.1127"},{"key":"bibr50-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62932-w"},{"key":"bibr51-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204271418"},{"key":"bibr52-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12290"},{"key":"bibr53-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2332858418798832"},{"key":"bibr54-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.488"},{"key":"bibr55-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2793598"},{"key":"bibr56-00187208221145264","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Peck T. C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality"},{"key":"bibr57-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376419"},{"key":"bibr58-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2013.04.016"},{"key":"bibr59-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2017.29099.gri"},{"key":"bibr60-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21607-8_28"},{"key":"bibr61-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19987-7"},{"key":"bibr62-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.6.1126"},{"key":"bibr63-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01609513.2015.1068103"},{"key":"bibr64-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-019-09781-z"},{"key":"bibr33-00187208221145264","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Microaggressions and marginality : manifestation, dynamics, and impact","author":"Sue D. W.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr65-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09497-3"},{"key":"bibr66-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1987.9712689"},{"key":"bibr67-00187208221145264","unstructured":"Throne M. H. (1995). Sexual harassment: Judgments of male and female sexual harassers by university and community samples. Dissertation, Ph.D. Thes (Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.). University of Pennsylvania, 274."},{"key":"bibr69-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205145"},{"key":"bibr70-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.05.001"},{"key":"bibr71-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0209"},{"key":"bibr72-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215518788598"},{"key":"bibr73-00187208221145264","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"Wang S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bibr74-00187208221145264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181321651094"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208221145264","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00187208221145264","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208221145264","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:53:51Z","timestamp":1777449231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00187208221145264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00187208221145264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00187208221145264","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]}}}