{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:10:56Z","timestamp":1777669856898,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002790","name":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021146","name":"Ontario Ministry of Transportation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021146","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003550","name":"AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study uses a detection task to measure changes in driver vigilance when operating four different partially automated systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research show temporal declines in detection task performance during manual and fully automated driving, but the accuracy of using this approach for measuring changes in driver vigilance during on-road partially automated driving is yet unproven.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants drove four different vehicles (Tesla Model 3, Cadillac CT6, Volvo XC90, and Nissan Rogue) equipped with level-2 systems in manual and partially automated modes. Response times to a detection task were recorded over eight consecutive time periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bayesian analysis revealed a main effect of time period and an interaction between mode and time period. A main effect of vehicle and a time period x vehicle interaction were also found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results indicated that the reduction in detection task performance over time was worse during partially automated driving. Vehicle-specific analysis also revealed that detection task performance changed across vehicles, with slowest response time found for the Volvo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The greater decline in detection performance found in automated mode suggests that operating level-2 systems incurred in a greater vigilance decrement, a phenomenon that is of interest for Human Factors practitioners and regulators. We also argue that the observed vehicle-related differences are attributable to the unique design of their in-vehicle interfaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208231189658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T03:26:54Z","timestamp":1690428414000},"page":"2179-2190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Vigilance Decrement During On-Road Partially Automated Driving Across Four Systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5558-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco N.","family":"Biondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Applied Cognition Lab, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]},{"given":"Amy S.","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Cognition Lab, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]},{"given":"Mobina","family":"Mahmoodzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"}]},{"given":"Noor","family":"Jajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"}]},{"family":"Balakumar Balasingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Strayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Cognition Lab, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208231189658","unstructured":"AAA. 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