{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:07:58Z","timestamp":1777669678139,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP160100575, FT190100812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP160100575, FT190100812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the extent to which a voluntary-use range and bearing line (RBL) tool improves return-to-manual performance when supervising high-degree conflict detection automation in simulated air traffic control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-degree automation typically benefits routine performance and reduces workload, but can degrade return-to-manual performance if automation fails. We reasoned that providing a voluntary checking tool (RBL) would support automation failure detection, but also that automation induced complacency could extend to nonoptimal use of such tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were assigned to one of three conditions, where conflict detection was either performed: manually, with RBLs available to use (Manual + RBL), automatically with RBLs (Auto + RBL), or automatically without RBLs (Auto). Voluntary-use RBLs allowed participants to reliably check aircraft conflict status. Automation failed once.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RBLs improved automation failure detection \u2013 with participants intervening faster and making fewer false alarms when provided RBLs compared to not (Auto + RBL vs Auto). However, a cost of high-degree automation remained, with participants slower to intervene to the automation failure than to an identical manual conflict event (Auto + RBL vs Manual + RBL). There was no difference in RBL engagement time between Auto + RBL and Manual + RBL conditions, suggesting participants noticed the conflict event at the same time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cost of automation may have arisen from participants\u2019 reconciling which information to trust: the automation (which indicated no conflict and had been perfectly reliable prior to failing) or the RBL (which indicated a conflict).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Applications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Providing a mechanism for checking the validity of high-degree automation may facilitate human supervision of automation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208231190980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T21:48:07Z","timestamp":1690494487000},"page":"1817-1829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reducing the Costs of Automation Failure by Providing Voluntary Automation Checking Tools"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5553-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Bowden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia"}]},{"given":"Dale","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5434-0348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayne","family":"Loft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr2-00187208231190980","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2020.2965529"},{"key":"bibr3-00187208231190980","author":"Bowden V. 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