{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:09:52Z","timestamp":1777669792085,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003550","name":"AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This on-road study employed behavioral and neurophysiological measurement techniques to assess the influence of six weeks of practice driving a Level 2 partially automated vehicle on driver workload and engagement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 2 partial automation requires a driver to maintain supervisory control of the vehicle to detect \u201cedge cases\u201d that the automation is not equipped to handle. There is mixed evidence regarding whether drivers can do so effectively. There is also an open question regarding how practice and familiarity with automation influence driver cognitive states over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Behavioral and neurophysiological measures of driver workload and visual engagement were recorded from 30 participants at two testing sessions\u2014with a six-week familiarization period in-between. At both testing sessions, participants drove a vehicle with partial automation engaged (Level 2) and not engaged (Level 0) on two interstate highways while reaction times to the detection response task (DRT) and neurophysiological (EEG) metrics of frontal theta and parietal alpha were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DRT results demonstrated that partially automated driving placed more cognitive load on drivers than manual driving and six weeks of practice decreased driver workload\u2014though only when the driving environment was relatively simple. EEG metrics of frontal theta and parietal alpha showed null effects of partial automation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Driver workload was influenced by level of automation, specific highway characteristics, and by practice over time, but only on a behavioral level and not on a neural level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings expand our understanding of the influence of practice on driver cognitive states under Level 2 partial automation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208231201054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T09:23:05Z","timestamp":1695720185000},"page":"2025-2040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["This Is Your Brain on Autopilot 2.0: The Influence of Practice on Driver Workload and Engagement During On-Road, Partially Automated Driving"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2456-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy S.","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6281-3256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaedyn W.","family":"Crabtree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]},{"given":"Joel M.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Scientific Inc, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Strayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820931628"},{"key":"bibr2-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931218621427"},{"key":"bibr3-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.003"},{"key":"bibr4-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812460246"},{"key":"bibr5-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2830565"},{"key":"bibr6-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0000638"},{"key":"bibr7-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14009"},{"key":"bibr8-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.3.1567"},{"key":"bibr9-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9609.001.0001"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr10-00187208231201054","first-page":"1962","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society - Annual Meeting","volume":"60","author":"Cooper J. M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr11-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10040199"},{"key":"bibr12-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009"},{"key":"bibr13-00187208231201054","unstructured":"Dufour A. (2014, April). Driving assistance technologies and vigilance: Impact of speed limiters and cruise control on drivers\u2019 vigilance. In Seminar on the Impact of Distracted Driving and Sleepiness on Road Safety, April."},{"key":"bibr14-00187208231201054","volume-title":"Understanding the impact of technology: Do advanced driver assistance and semi-automated vehicle systems lead to improper driving behavior?","author":"Dunn N.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr15-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.09.001"},{"key":"bibr16-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816681350"},{"key":"bibr17-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343417695197"},{"key":"bibr18-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779064555"},{"key":"bibr19-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2004.11.003"},{"key":"bibr20-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2016.2555626"},{"key":"bibr21-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00154"},{"key":"bibr22-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2926040"},{"key":"bibr23-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819836310"},{"key":"bibr24-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220210159717"},{"key":"bibr25-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200212200-00022"},{"key":"bibr26-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(83)90135-9"},{"key":"bibr27-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818761711"},{"key":"bibr28-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119852339"},{"key":"bibr29-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820945409"},{"key":"bibr30-00187208231201054","unstructured":"ISO 17488:2016. Road vehicles \u2014 Transport information and control systems \u2014 Detection- response task (DRT) for assessing attentional effects of cognitive load in driving. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/59887.html"},{"key":"bibr31-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(58)90053-1"},{"key":"bibr32-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-023-00387-6"},{"key":"bibr33-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.577418"},{"key":"bibr34-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181320641471"},{"key":"bibr35-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00057"},{"key":"bibr36-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2022.11.010"},{"key":"bibr37-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.09.019"},{"key":"bibr38-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211039091"},{"key":"bibr39-00187208231201054","volume-title":"MIT AgeLab delayed digit recall task (n-back)","author":"Mehler B.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr40-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.09.026"},{"key":"bibr41-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107130"},{"key":"bibr42-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0000672"},{"key":"bibr43-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.919695"},{"key":"bibr44-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.10.004"},{"key":"bibr45-00187208231201054","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr46-00187208231201054","volume-title":"Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems (standard No. J3016)","author":"SAE.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr47-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054402"},{"key":"bibr48-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2838739.2838783"},{"key":"bibr49-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118131350.ch34"},{"key":"bibr50-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.11.006"},{"key":"bibr51-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04760-2_10"},{"key":"bibr53-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-019-0166-3"},{"key":"bibr54-00187208231201054","volume-title":"Driver\u2019s arousal and workload under partial vehicle automation","author":"Strayer D. L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr55-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815575149"},{"key":"bibr56-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorpe A., Nesbitt K., Eidels A. (2019). Assessing game interface workload and usability: A cognitive science perspective. In Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference (pp. 1-8).","DOI":"10.1145\/3290688.3290749"},{"key":"bibr57-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820974856"},{"key":"bibr58-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/435439a"},{"key":"bibr59-00187208231201054","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Driving Assessment Conference","author":"Young R. A.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr60-00187208231201054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2015-01-1389"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208231201054","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00187208231201054","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208231201054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:53:58Z","timestamp":1777449238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00187208231201054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00187208231201054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00187208231201054","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]}}}