{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:11:30Z","timestamp":1777669890858,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The counterintuitive \u201cUnion Jack\u201d-inspired turn signals on versions of BMW\u2019s Mini vehicles was investigated to reveal potential impacts on human performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When some Mini drivers indicate a change in direction, they do so with an oppositely oriented arrow. This conflict, between the task-irrelevant spatial shape and task-relevant location of the signal, mimics a \u201cconverse\u201d spatial-Stroop effect that, in combination with the ubiquitous use of arrows on road signs, may be confusing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants ( n = 30) responded\u2014via right and left keypresses\u2014to the directions of road signs and turn signals in both pure and mixed blocks. Reaction times and accuracies were recorded to determine performance in each condition (compatible, neutral, incompatible).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Performance suffered when the location and direction of the stimuli did not correspond. When responding to turn signals the cost to performance was especially salient in mixed blocks. Thus, when driving on roads where the meanings of arrows on road signs is important, turn signals pointing in a direction opposite from the directional intention indicated by the signals\u2019 location are likely to be confusing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The design of some Mini\u2019s \u201cUnion Jack\u201d style taillights opposes well-established principles of cognitive functioning, caused confusion in our laboratory study and therefore may be a safety hazard\u2014a possibility that ought to be explored in more realistic (e.g., driving simulator) situations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BMW designers should consider universally adopting the neutral, \u201chorizontal line,\u201d illumination style that is currently available in the aftermarket.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208241237860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T06:48:46Z","timestamp":1710485326000},"page":"21-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Automobile\u2019s Tail Lights: Sacrificing Safety for Playful Design?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7688-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Burns-Hemingway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-3357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brett B. T.","family":"Feltmate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3854-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond M.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr2-00187208241237860","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0028843"},{"key":"bibr3-00187208241237860","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.05351"},{"key":"bibr4-00187208241237860","volume-title":"Human performance","author":"Fitts P. 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