{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T08:46:20Z","timestamp":1750754780383,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD084430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD084430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2UL1TR001425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2UL1TR001425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> Examine patterns and predictors of skill learning during multisession Enhanced FOrward Concentration and Attention Learning (FOCAL+) training. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> FOCAL+ teaches teens to reduce the duration of off-road glances using real-time error learning. In a randomized controlled trial, teens with ADHD received five sessions of FOCAL+ training and demonstrated significant reductions in extended glances (&gt;2-s) away from the roadway (i.e., long-glances) and a 40% reduced risk of a crash\/near-crash event. Teens\u2019 improvement in limiting long-glances as assessed after each FOCAL+ training session has not been examined. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p> Licensed teen (ages 16\u201319) drivers with ADHD ( n = 152) were randomly assigned to five sessions of either FOCAL+ or modified standard driver training. Teens completed driving simulation assessments at baseline, after each training session, and 1 month and 6 months posttraining. Naturalistic driving was monitored for one year. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> FOCAL+ training produced a 53% maximal reduction in long-glances during postsession simulated driving. The number of sessions needed to achieve maximum performance varied across participants. However, after five FOCAL+ training sessions, number of long-glances was comparable irrespective of when teens achieved their maximum performance. The magnitude of reduction in long-glances predicted levels of long-glances during simulated driving at 1 month and 6 months posttraining but not naturalistic driving outcomes. FOCAL+ training provided the most benefit during training to teens who were younger and had less driving experience. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> FOCAL+ training significantly reduces long-glances beginning at the 1st training session. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application<\/jats:title><jats:p> Providing five FOCAL+ training sessions early on during teen driving may maximize benefit. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208241237863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T14:34:28Z","timestamp":1709994868000},"page":"49-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Examining Patterns and Predictors of ADHD Teens\u2019 Skill-Learning Trajectories During Enhanced FOrward Concentration and Attention Learning (FOCAL+) Training"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3464-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffery N.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, USA"},{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3687-432X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie A.","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4213-3349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam W.","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Peugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, USA"},{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6066-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leanne","family":"Tamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, USA"},{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2757-6547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James D.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati, USA"}]},{"given":"Ryan P.","family":"MacPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA"}]},{"given":"John O.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, USA"}]},{"given":"Donald L.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA"},{"name":"Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054709333385"},{"key":"bibr2-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.03.009"},{"key":"bibr3-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.12.043"},{"key":"bibr32-00187208241237863","unstructured":"Carney C., McGehee D. V., Harland K., Weiss M., Raby M. Using naturalistic driving data to assess the prevalence of environmental factors and driver behaviors in teen driver crashes. Iowa Research Online, March 2015 (https:\/\/iro.uiowa.edu\/esploro\/outputs\/report\/Using-naturalistic-driving-data-to-assess\/9983557190702771)."},{"key":"bibr4-00187208241237863","unstructured":"Chan E., Pradhan A. K., Knodler M. A., Pollatsek A., Fisher D. L. (2008). Empirical evaluation oon a driving simulator of the effect of distractions inside and outside the vehicle on drivers\u2019 eye behaviors. In Proceedings of the 87th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting."},{"key":"bibr5-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.04.019"},{"key":"bibr6-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2305"},{"key":"bibr7-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2013.07.004"},{"key":"bibr8-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.200408"},{"key":"bibr9-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.01.005"},{"key":"bibr10-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204783"},{"volume-title":"Development and evaluation of a PC-based attention maintenace training program","year":"2010","author":"Fisher D. L.","key":"bibr11-00187208241237863"},{"volume-title":"Georgia tech simulator sickness screening protocol","year":"2013","author":"Gable T. M.","key":"bibr12-00187208241237863"},{"key":"bibr13-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.04.012"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr14-00187208241237863","first-page":"001872082211099","volume":"66","author":"Glassman J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"bibr15-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2147-09"},{"volume-title":"Kaufman Brief intelligence test-2","year":"2004","author":"Kaufman A.","key":"bibr16-00187208241237863"},{"key":"bibr17-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021"},{"key":"bibr18-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9954-x"},{"volume-title":"Improving driving safety for teenagers with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","year":"2017","author":"Klauer C.","key":"bibr19-00187208241237863"},{"volume-title":"The impact of driver inattention on near-crash\/crash risk: An analysis using the 100-car naturalistic driving study data","year":"2006","author":"Klauer S. G.","key":"bibr20-00187208241237863"},{"key":"bibr21-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X215791"},{"key":"bibr22-00187208241237863","first-page":"108705472311972","author":"Lynch J. D.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"bibr23-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2011.607245"},{"key":"bibr24-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2021.1940984"},{"key":"bibr25-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/safety2040020"},{"key":"bibr26-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300248"},{"volume-title":"Evaluation of the safety benefits of the risk awareness and perception training program for novice teen drivers. (No. DOT HS 812 235)","year":"2016","author":"Thomas F. D.","key":"bibr27-00187208241237863"},{"key":"bibr28-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsm002"},{"key":"bibr29-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401398187080"},{"key":"bibr30-00187208241237863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4375(02)00075-0"},{"key":"bibr31-00187208241237863","volume-title":"Simple screening instrument for outreach for alcohol and other drug abuse and infectious diseases","volume":"11","author":"Winters K.","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208241237863","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00187208241237863","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208241237863","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T23:49:12Z","timestamp":1740872952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00187208241237863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00187208241237863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00187208241237863","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-7208"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1547-8181"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]}}}