{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T11:43:46Z","timestamp":1775648626439,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"US Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIFA 2022-67021-36125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIFA 2022-67021-36125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"US Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-67021-36124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-67021-36124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> The purpose of this study is to identify the potential biomechanical and cognitive workload effects induced by human robot collaborative pollination task, how additional cues and reliability of the robot influence these effects and whether interacting with the robot influences the participant\u2019s anxiety and attitude towards robots. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Human\u2013Robot Collaboration (HRC) could be used to alleviate pollinator shortages and robot performance issues. However, the effects of HRC for this setting have not been investigated. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> Sixteen participants were recruited. Four HRC modes, no cue, with cue, unreliable, and manual control were included. Three categories of dependent variables were measured: (1) spine kinematics (L5\/S1, L1\/T12, and T1\/C7), (2) pupillary activation data, and (3) subjective measures such as perceived workload, robot-related anxiety, and negative attitudes towards robotics. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> HRC reduced anxiety towards the cobot, decreased joint angles and angular velocity for the L5\/S1 and L1\/T12 joints, and reduced pupil dilation, with the \u201cwith cue\u201d mode producing the lowest values. However, unreliability was detrimental to these gains. In addition, HRC resulted in a higher flexion angle for the neck (i.e., T1\/C7). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> HRC reduced the physical and mental workload during the simulated pollination task. Benefits of the additional cue were minimal compared to no cues. The increased joint angle in the neck and unreliability affecting lower and mid back joint angles and workload requires further investigation. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Application<\/jats:title><jats:p> These findings could be used to inform design decisions for HRC frameworks for agricultural applications that are cognizant of the different effects induced by HRC. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208241254696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T06:50:35Z","timestamp":1716965435000},"page":"100-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of Biomechanical and Mental Workload During Human\u2013Robot Collaborative Pollination Task"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8063-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Ozkan","family":"Yerebakan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, USA"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Virginia University, USA"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Virginia University, USA"}]},{"given":"Boyi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11102017"},{"key":"bibr2-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2020.1842580"},{"key":"bibr52-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/01439910310492194"},{"key":"bibr3-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app112411742"},{"key":"bibr4-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2017.2656143"},{"key":"bibr5-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2022.103867"},{"key":"bibr7-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHMS56717.2022.9980828"},{"key":"bibr8-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8887632"},{"key":"bibr9-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2022.01.267"},{"key":"bibr10-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20479"},{"key":"bibr56-00187208241254696","first-page":"161","volume":"117","author":"Devitt S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Decision and Control"},{"key":"bibr11-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2010.03.003"},{"key":"bibr12-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.04.007"},{"key":"bibr13-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2020.1717502"},{"key":"bibr15-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2018.8594233"},{"key":"bibr16-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195316957.003.0003"},{"key":"bibr17-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IRIS.2016.8066090"},{"key":"bibr18-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"bibr19-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1972.31.1.119"},{"key":"bibr20-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2022.799522"},{"key":"bibr21-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3062787"},{"key":"bibr22-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2022.103863"},{"key":"bibr23-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00939"},{"key":"bibr55-00187208241254696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1967"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr24-00187208241254696","first-page":"103","volume":"102","author":"Kharb S. 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