{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T04:09:38Z","timestamp":1749010178238,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To explore and validate effective eye movement features related to motion sickness (MS) through closed-track experiments and to provide valuable insights for practical applications.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>With the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs), MS has attracted more and more attention. Eye movements have great potential to evaluate the severity of MS as an objective quantitative indicator of vestibular function. Eye movement signals can be easily and noninvasively collected using a camera, which will not cause discomfort or disturbance to passengers, thus making it highly applicable.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Eye movement data were collected from 72 participants susceptible to MS in closed-track driving environments. We extracted features including blink rate (BR), total number of fixations (TNF), total duration of fixations (TDF), mean duration of fixations (MDF), saccade amplitude (SA), saccade duration (SD), and number of nystagmus (NN). The statistical method and multivariate long short-term memory fully convolutional network (MLSTM-FCN) were used to validate the effectiveness of eye movement features.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Significant differences were shown in the extracted eye movement features across different levels of MS through statistical analysis. The MLSTM-FCN model achieved an accuracy of 91.37% for MS detection and 88.51% for prediction in binary classification. For ternary classification, it achieved an accuracy of 80.54% for MS detection and 80.11% for prediction.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Evaluating MS through eye movements is effective. The MLSTM-FCN model based on eye movements can efficiently detect and predict MS.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This work can be used to provide a possible indication and early warning for MS.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208241306966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T18:05:00Z","timestamp":1733853900000},"page":"714-730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Eye Movement Features of Motion Sickness Using Closed-Track Driving Experiments"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Yanlu","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology, China"}]},{"given":"Maosong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology, China"}]},{"given":"Zhuxi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, China"}]},{"given":"Shufeng","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology, China"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology, China"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125555"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-42293-5_5"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"563","article-title":"On-line analysis of eye movements using a digital computer","volume":"51","author":"Baloh R.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Baloh R., Langhofer L., Honrubia V., Yee R. (1980). On-line analysis of eye movements using a digital computer. Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine, 51(6), 563\u2013567.","journal-title":"Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"Eye tracking the user experience: A practical guide to research","author":"Bojko A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bojko A. (2013). Eye tracking the user experience: A practical guide to research. Rosenfeld Media."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"697","article-title":"Compensatory eye movements in the presence of conflicting canal and otolith signals","volume":"85","author":"Bronstein A.,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bronstein A.,, Gresty M. (1991). Compensatory eye movements in the presence of conflicting canal and otolith signals. Experimental Brain Research, 85(1), 697\u2013700.","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Defence R&D Canada Toronto Technical Report","author":"Cheung B.,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cheung B.,, Nakashima A. (2006). A review on the effects of frequency of oscillation on motion sickness. In Defence R&D Canada Toronto Technical Report, pp. 10\u201311."},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","first-page":"1032","article-title":"The possible role of nystagmus in motion sickness: A hypothesis","volume":"65","author":"Ebenholtz S. M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ebenholtz S. M., Cohen M. M., Linder B. J. (1994). The possible role of nystagmus in motion sickness: A hypothesis. Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine, 65(11), 1032\u20131035.","journal-title":"Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2004-14403"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"A questionnaire for the assessment of the multiple dimensions of motion sickness","volume":"72","author":"Gianaros P. J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gianaros P. J., Muth E. R., Mordkoff J. T., Levine M. E., Stern R. M. (2001). A questionnaire for the assessment of the multiple dimensions of motion sickness. Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine, 72(2), 115.","journal-title":"Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(98)00091-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"491","article-title":"A comparison of the nauseogenic potential of low-frequency vertical versus horizontal linear oscillation","volume":"63","author":"Golding J. F.,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Golding J. F.,, Kerguelen M. (1992). A comparison of the nauseogenic potential of low-frequency vertical versus horizontal linear oscillation. Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine, 63(6), 491\u2013497.","journal-title":"Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"188","article-title":"A motion sickness maximum around the 0.2 Hz frequency range of horizontal translational oscillation","volume":"72","author":"Golding J. F.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Golding J. F., Mueller A., Gresty M. A. (2001). A motion sickness maximum around the 0.2 Hz frequency range of horizontal translational oscillation. Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine, 72(3), 188\u2013192.","journal-title":"Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/0954407042580093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2985095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00745"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3309260"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","article-title":"ISO 2631-1:1997: Mechanical vibration and shock\u2014Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration\u2014Part 1: General requirements.","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"1997","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (1997). ISO 2631-1:1997: Mechanical vibration and shock\u2014Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration\u2014Part 1: General requirements. ISO.","journal-title":"ISO"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR52148.2021.00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR50242.2020.00066"},{"issue":"288","key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Eye tracking in advanced interface design","volume":"258","author":"Jacob R. J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jacob R. J. (1995). Eye tracking in advanced interface design. Virtual environments and advanced interface design, 258(288), 2.","journal-title":"Virtual environments and advanced interface design"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-130866"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/joentr.2017.07.00216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3409118.3475137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-022-02164-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA024709"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(79)90138-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11621\/pir.2017.0310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC40787.2023.10340636"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1970.50.1.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Managing motion sickness","volume":"343","author":"Murdin L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murdin L., Golding J., Bronstein A. (2011). Managing motion sickness. BMJ, 343(1), 1.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.16175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107687807101109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326969eco0303_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2015.7178838"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2023.103543"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW58643.2023.00278"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569572"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","first-page":"375","volume-title":"Psychology, physiology and experimental","author":"Tecce J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tecce J. (1992). Psychology, physiology and experimental (pp. 375\u2013377). Yearbook of Science and Technology."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-5765(91)90099-Q"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25212.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"30","author":"Vaswani A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaswani A., Shazeer N., Parmar N., Uszkoreit J., Jones L., Gomez A. N., Polosukhin I. (2017). Attention is all you need. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 30(1), 2.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TG.2022.3178539"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2017.7966039"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208241306966","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00187208241306966","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208241306966","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T08:32:49Z","timestamp":1748939569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00187208241306966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00187208241306966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00187208241306966","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-7208"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1547-8181"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]}}}