{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T01:11:33Z","timestamp":1768871493920,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study explores the effectiveness of conversational prompts on enhancing driver monitoring behavior and takeover performance in partially automated driving under two non-driving-related task (NDRT) scenarios with varying workloads.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Driver disengagement in partially automated driving is a serious safety concern. Intermittent conversational prompts that require responses may be a solution. However, existing literature is limited with inconsistent findings. There is little consideration of NDRTs as an important context, despite their ubiquitous involvement. A method is also lacking to measure driver engagement at the cognitive level, beyond manual and visual engagements.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Participants operated a partially automated vehicle in a simulator across six predefined drives. In each drive, participants either received driving-related prompts, daily-conversation prompts, or no prompts, with or without a takeover notification. The first experiment instructed participants to engage in NDRTs at their choice and the second experiment incentivized solving demanding anagrams with monetary rewards.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>When participants were voluntarily engaged in NDRTs, answering driving-related prompts and receiving takeover notifications improved their monitoring behavior and takeover performance. However, when participants were involved in the more demanding and incentivized NDRT, answering prompts had little effect.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study supports the importance of both maintaining appropriate workload and processing driving-related information during partially automated driving. Driving-related prompts improve driver engagement and takeover performance, but they are not robust enough to compete with NDRTs that have high motivational appeals and cognitive demands.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The design of driver engagement tools should consider the workload and information processing mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208251314248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T18:42:25Z","timestamp":1737571345000},"page":"731-752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Awakening the Disengaged: Can Driving-Related Prompts Engage Drivers in Partial Automation?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, USA"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"American Automotive Association (AAA). 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