{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:06:26Z","timestamp":1755223586761,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To study the performance consequences of binary versus likelihood decision support systems in low-prevalence visual search.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Hit rates in visual search are often low if target prevalence is low, an issue that is relevant for numerous real-world visual search tasks (e.g., luggage screening and medical imaging). Given that binary decision support systems produce many false alarms at low prevalence, they have often been discounted as a solution to this low-prevalence problem. By offering additional information about the certainty of target-present indications through splitting these into warnings and alarms, likelihood-based systems could potentially boost hit rates without raising the number of false alarms.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We used a simulated medical search task with low target prevalence in a paradigm where participants sequentially uncovered parts of the stimulus with their mouse. In two sessions, participants completed the task either while being supported by a binary or a likelihood system.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Hit rates were higher when interacting with the likelihood systems than with the binary system, at no cost of higher false alarms.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Likelihood systems are a promising way to tackle the low-prevalence problem, and might further be an effective means to make systems more transparent.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Simple-to-process information about system certainty for each case might be a solution to low hit rates in domains with low target prevalence, such as radiology.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208251320589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T05:47:31Z","timestamp":1739339251000},"page":"861-876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Likelihood Systems Can Improve Hit Rates in Low-Prevalence Visual Search Over Binary Systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5097-6613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Rieger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Benita","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Dietrich","family":"Manzey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102873"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817700258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818802961"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.14585"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Satisfaction of search in radiology","volume":"2","author":"Berbaum K.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berbaum K., Franken E., Caldwell R., Shartz K., Madsen M. (2019). Satisfaction of search in radiology. The handbook of medical image perception and techniques, 2, 121\u2013166.","journal-title":"The handbook of medical image perception and techniques"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820983632"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892902320474454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-020-00925-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1355308"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2019.102897"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","article-title":"Effects of workload and likelihood information on human response to alarm signals","author":"Bustamante E. A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bustamante E. A., Bliss J. P. (2005). Effects of workload and likelihood information on human response to alarm signals. International Symposium on Aviation Psychology.","journal-title":"International Symposium on Aviation Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2018.1481231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0195-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1250-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.05351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02149.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2091-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.22.14.3697"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2012.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.1.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2495\/SAFE050411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpr.12153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huegli D. Merks S. Schwaninger A. (2020). Automation reliability human\u2013machine system performance and operator compliance: A study with airport security screeners supported by automated explosives detection systems for cabin baggage screening. Applied Ergonomics 86 Article 103094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2107775"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langer M. Oster D. Speith T. Hermanns H. K\u00e4stner L. Schmidt E. Sesing A. Baum K. (2021). What do we want from explainable artificial intelligence (XAI)? \u2013 a stakeholder perspective on XAI and a conceptual model guiding interdisciplinary XAI research. Artificial Intelligence 296 Article 103473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artint.2021.103473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2021.103473"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280701580698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2905"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120705100451"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-021-00304-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2015.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1799-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.2.196.37335"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.04.2.p061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Human performance in automated and autonomous systems: Current theory and methods","author":"Mosier K. L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mosier K. L., Manzey D. (2020). Humans and automated decision aids: A match made in heaven? In Mouloua M., Hancock P. A. (Eds.), Human performance in automated and autonomous systems: Current theory and methods (pp. 19\u201342). CRC Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10711813241261284"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-021-00280-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208221111236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2023.100021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-35596-7_16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-012-0354-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2008.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-018-0144-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088803000406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0101_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120204600325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976211048485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(80)90005-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-016-9698-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343417727438"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X230217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2016.1207209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814528534"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-020-01859-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/13.3.33"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/435439a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.136.4.623"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819852023"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208251320589","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00187208251320589","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208251320589","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T04:39:52Z","timestamp":1754973592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00187208251320589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00187208251320589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00187208251320589","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-7208"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1547-8181"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]}}}