{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:16:36Z","timestamp":1761092196029,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000147","name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2038403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2038403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>E-scooter injuries have risen in recent years and riders report a relatively high prevalence of accidents. Collisions with motor vehicles pose a high risk to e-scooter users. E-scooter riders move fast relative to runners but lack movement of limbs that present aspects of biological motion to drivers, which may diminish conspicuity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Two experiments measured participants\u2019 detection of point light representations beneath masking visual noise. Study 1 presented a runner, e-scooter rider, and rectangular object. Study 2 modified the e-scooter stimuli to remove motion sway and added alternative e-scooter presentations, one with moving lights consistent with biological motion and the other with the same motion in reverse, inconsistent with biological motion.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Study 1 found a main effect of figure type, with the runner resulting in superior detection, recognition, and response time compared to the e-scooter rider, which performed better than the object. Study 2 found better perception performance for the runner, including better detection compared to the reverse motion e-scooter.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Findings suggest that reduced biological motion produced by e-scooter users slightly worsens and slows their detection by other road users and indicates an advantage for the perception of human body configurations. Any inclusion of apparent motion to improve detection, especially near the ground, should be consistent with biological motion.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Visual display alterations (e.g., lighting) to introduce apparent motion that mimics biological movements or is consistent with biological motion may potentially confer a detection advantage over other movement patterns.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208251344366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T07:47:02Z","timestamp":1747900022000},"page":"1210-1229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examining Biological Motion as a Potential Factor in E-Scooter Conspicuity and Safety"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1100-5240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marshall L.","family":"Mabry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5257-5936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Curtis M.","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Easterlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1296-9068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nichole L.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","volume-title":"Epidemiology and public health preparedness division, dockless electric scooter-related injuries study","author":"Austin Public Health","year":"2019","unstructured":"Austin Public Health. 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