{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:13:12Z","timestamp":1777669992975,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00218913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00218913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of the current study is to investigate how passive exoskeletons affect low-back passive tissues creep during prolonged stooping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using exoskeletons could be a new strategy to prevent stress-relaxation deformation (creep) in low-back passive tissues induced by prolonged or repetitive stooping, but previous studies only focused on low-back active tissues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve healthy males completed 12\u00a0min of stooping (with and without a passive exoskeleton), while body kinematics and muscle activities were captured before and after stooping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results indicate intact characteristics (i.e., no changes) in both active and passive tissues after enduring a 12-min stooping protocol while using the exoskeleton. However, without the exoskeleton, clear stress-relaxation deformation in low-back tissues, and changes in the load transfer mechanism between active and passive tissues after prolonged stooping, are observed, revealing a 3.19\u00b0 delayed flexion-relaxation angle, a 5% maximum voluntary contraction increase in lumbar muscle activity, and a 2.8\u00b0 increase in the maximum lumbar flexion angle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The supporting force provided by passive exoskeletons effectively limits stress-relaxation deformation in low-back passive tissues, such as ligaments, by preventing excessive elongation during prolonged stooping in a fully flexed posture, thereby reducing the possible risk of spinal instability and low back pain development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study reveals the greater value of passive exoskeletons, which protect passive tissues in the low back. The research findings can serve as a valuable reference for practitioners in implementing effective countermeasures in the perspective of assistance devices to enhance occupational safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208251388336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T18:01:40Z","timestamp":1760637700000},"page":"314-330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Passive Exoskeletons Reduce Low-Back Passive Tissue Creep"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3730-736X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanbo","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pusan National University"}]},{"given":"Seulgi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pusan National University"}]},{"given":"Hyuk","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea University"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2590-1043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangeun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pusan National University"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2019.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1966.tb02885.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","first-page":"1319","article-title":"Spondylolisthesis and tight hamstrings","volume":"52","author":"Barash H. 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