{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:12:48Z","timestamp":1777669968375,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007945","name":"Steirische Wirtschaftsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007945","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4669894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4669894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examine how risk and automation failures in conditional driving automation (SAE Level 3) influence drivers\u2019 calibration of trust and reliance behavior in the form of system use and monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conditionally automated driving brings a challenging new role for drivers, who are permitted to engage in non-driving-related activities but must take back control in certain situations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants completed three drives in a driving simulation with conditional driving automation. The first drive was with low risk and the second drive was with high risk implemented in the simulation. The third drive included either early or late automation failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants reported lower trust, took over manual control more often, and monitored more when driving under high risk than when driving under low risk. After experiencing an automation failure, trust decreased immediately but fully recovered over time. Driver\u2019s monitoring increased and decreased immediately as the failure started and ended. The timing of automation failure did not influence its impact on trust.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate that drivers respond appropriately to risk. Trust develops dynamically in case of an automation failure, but failure timing does not influence this process. From an applied perspective, drivers would benefit from assistance in re-calibrating trust after automation failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on our findings, we argue that incorporating drivers\u2019 mental model formation process into the feedback loop of trust and reliance behavior calibration could enhance the theoretical understanding of trust calibration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208251398449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T20:28:21Z","timestamp":1764707301000},"page":"409-423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Can I Trust You? The Effect of Risk and Automation Failures on Trust and Reliance Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9237-4450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai","family":"Ebinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virtual Vehicle Research"},{"name":"GmbH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norah","family":"Neuhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Graz"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0725-1657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Kubicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Graz"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HSI49210.2020.9142686"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2012.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","volume-title":"Mental models in human-computer interaction: research issues about what the user of software knows","author":"Carroll J. M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carroll J. M., Olson J. (1987). Mental models in human-computer interaction: research issues about what the user of software knows. National Academic Press. https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Mental-models-in-human-computer-interaction%3A-issues-Carroll-Olson\/e8af5804c24b6b32e70cc216b831e6d91776e144."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2157689.2157702"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00038-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.treng.2024.100236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","volume-title":"Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area \u2013 Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system. White Paper (No. 144)","author":"European Commission","year":"2011","unstructured":"European Commission. (2011). Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area \u2013 Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system. White Paper (No. 144). European Commission. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0144:FIN:EN:PDF"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X375018"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Using single-item measures for construct measurement in management research","volume":"69","author":"Fuchs C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fuchs C., Diamantopoulos A. (2009). Using single-item measures for construct measurement in management research. Betriebswirtschaft, 69(2), 195\u2013210. https:\/\/temme.wiwi.uni-wuppertal.de\/fileadmin\/_migrated\/content_uploads\/fuchs_diamantopoulos_2009.pdf","journal-title":"Betriebswirtschaft"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2022.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816678714"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815625744"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-022-00718-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814547570"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"Safety of machinery \u2013 General principles for design \u2013 Risk assessment and risk reduction","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2010","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. (2010). Safety of machinery \u2013 General principles for design \u2013 Risk assessment and risk reduction (EN ISO standard no 12100:2010). https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/51528.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","first-page":"535","volume-title":"Advances in intelligent systems and computing: Vol. 484. Advances in human aspects of transportation","author":"Khastgir S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khastgir S., Birrell S., Dhadyalla G., Jennings P. (2017). Calibrating trust to increase the use of automated systems in a vehicle. In Stanton N. A., Landry S., Di Bucchianico G., Vallicelli A. (Eds.), Advances in intelligent systems and computing: Vol. 484. Advances in human aspects of transportation (Vol. 484, pp. 535\u2013546). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-41682-3_45"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817747730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819853686"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1994.1007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50_30392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3342197.3344525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2145-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-022-09813-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258792"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2022.103913"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","unstructured":"Neuhuber N. Ebinger N. Pretto P. Kubicek B. (2022). How am I supposed to know? Conceptualization and first Evaluation of a Driver Tutoring System for Automated Driving. In: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter Annual Meeting 2022: HFES Europe 2022. https:\/\/www.hfes-europe.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Neuhuber2022.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkins L. Miller J. E. Hashemi A. Burns G. (2010 September). Designing for human-centered systems: Situational risk as a factor of trust in automation. In Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting (Vol. 54 No. 25 pp. 2130-2134). SAGE Publications.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193121005402502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","first-page":"J3016","volume-title":"Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles","author":"SAE International","year":"2021","unstructured":"SAE International. (2021). Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles (p. J3016). SAE International."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-018-0522-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The importance of incorporating risk into human-automation trust","volume":"23","author":"Stuck R. E.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stuck R. E., Tomlinson B. J., Walker B. N. (2021). The importance of incorporating risk into human-automation trust. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 23(4), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1463922X.2021.1975170","journal-title":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00596-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","unstructured":"Walker F. Verwey W. Martens M. (2018). Gaze Behaviour as a Measure of Trust in Automated Vehicles. In Proceedings of the 6th Humanist Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-6670(17)46646-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","volume-title":"Statistical modeling and decision science","author":"Wilcox R. R.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilcox R. R. (2012). Introduction to robust estimation and hypothesis testing. In Statistical modeling and decision science (3rd ed.). Academic Press.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108071"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208251398449","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00187208251398449","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208251398449","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:54:20Z","timestamp":1777449260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00187208251398449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00187208251398449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00187208251398449","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]}}}