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It provides guidance for researchers and practitioners by proposing a framework for selecting appropriate cognitive load measurement techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive Load Theory offers insights into software usability by addressing users\u2019 mental effort during task performance. Although cognitive load measurement methods are increasingly used in usability testing, no comprehensive analysis has focused specifically on various software interfaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically analysed 87 experimental studies published between 2001 and 2025. Databases searched included IEEE, ACM, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria focused on studies applying cognitive load measurement to usability testing for different types of software interfaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive load measurement methods were categorised as subjective (e.g., NASA-TLX and self-reports) or objective (e.g., EEG, eye-tracking, dual-task paradigms, and physiological sensors). The most frequently used methods were performance measures (19%), NASA-TLX (12%), and eye fixations (11%). Commonly evaluated platforms included websites, virtual reality systems, and productivity tools. Each method\u2019s applicability, strengths, and limitations were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review synthesises the relative merits of cognitive load measurement methods in usability evaluations and introduces a framework to guide the selection of techniques based on interface type and evaluation goals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed framework operationalises CLT to support targeted, user-centred usability testing. It facilitates the selection of effective cognitive load measurement strategies, enhancing evaluation accuracy and informing better software design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208261427867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T16:37:21Z","timestamp":1773851841000},"page":"859-912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive Load Measurement Methods for Usability Testing: A Critical Analysis and Framework for Interface Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Darejeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gelareh","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Sweller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture, UNSW, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2007.70207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2038476.2038481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344010000212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2011.01928.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/W2GB-05NT-VJRN-PGY9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2006.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.702538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENG.2018.8638206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315296258-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Social learning theory","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bandura A., Walters R. 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