{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:58:00Z","timestamp":1790488680567,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify eye movement patterns that are correlated with spatial disorientation (SD) events during flights in a flight simulator that induces SD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spatial Disorientation is one of the main causes for aviation mishaps. It can result from illusions caused by misinterpreted vestibular or visual sensory cues, leading to an incorrect perception of an aircraft\u2019s position, attitude, or motion. SD prevention is of great importance, as there is currently no objective tool to identify its occurrence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eye movements of 45 participants (30 aircrew members, 15 cadets) were recorded using Tobii Pro Glasses 2 in a Gyro-IPT SD flight simulator. Illusions were either vestibular or visual. Gaze metrics such as fixations, saccades (rapid gaze shift between two points), and visits were compared between subjects who experienced SD and those who did not. Statistical analyses were conducted to identify significant differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 284 flight profiles, 136 SD occurrences were recorded (48%). During visual illusions the participants who more frequently checked the instrument panel had a higher chance of avoiding SD. In contrast, during vestibular illusions, participants who examined the head-up display (HUD) more frequently had a lower probability of SD occurrence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mitigating SD requires distinct eye-movement strategies tailored to the illusion type. Our results suggest that to mitigate visual illusions, there is a need for greater instrument panel focus, whereas to mitigate vestibular illusions, increased HUD engagement is needed, as opposed to the current instructions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings may inform training programs to enhance performance in high-risk SD flight profiles. Additionally, results support the potential development of a real-time SD alert system for aircraft, aiming to mitigate or prevent SD-related incidents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208261452147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:45:47Z","timestamp":1780328747000},"page":"1406-1425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eye Movement Patterns Under Exposure to Spatial Disorientation Illusions During Simulated Flight"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Maya","family":"Harel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Israeli Air Force Aeromedical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel"},{"name":"Tel Aviv University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6190-3567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idan","family":"Nakdimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Israeli Air Force Aeromedical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alon","family":"Itzkovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel Aviv University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oded","family":"Ben-Ari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Israeli Air Force Aeromedical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel"},{"name":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem"},{"name":"Ariel University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Schonberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel Aviv University"},{"name":"Tel Aviv University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Spatial disorientation","author":"Antunano M. 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