{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T14:24:09Z","timestamp":1788531849634,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HR00112220004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR00112220004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine how task anomalies and time pressure influence cognitive workload in procedural tasks and to identify whether workload effects are transient or sustained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Procedural tasks often involve sequential actions for which disruptions, such as operational anomalies or time pressure, may exceed operator capacity. Understanding the temporal dynamics of workload under these conditions is essential for designing adaptive systems to effectively support human performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty participants performed three cooking tasks under nominal and off-nominal conditions (trials with induced operational errors and time pressure). Workload was continuously assessed using subjective ratings and physiological measures including skin conductance level (SCL), percent change in pupil size (PCPS), and blink rate (BR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjective workload was consistently greater in off-nominal conditions. Physiological measures varied in sensitivity to the task condition and type of task: BR reliably indicated elevated task demands, PCPS was sensitive only under multiple operational anomalies, and SCL showed limited responsiveness to all factors. Two distinct workload patterns were observed: isolated operational anomalies led to transient workload spikes, while multiple accumulating anomalies produced sustained high-workload states, reflecting a \u201cworkload history\u201d effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive workload responses depend on both the type and accumulation of task disruptions. BR provides a robust real-time marker, while subjective ratings capture perceived effort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings inform the design of adaptive support systems capable of distinguishing between momentary operational challenges and cumulative strain, enabling tailored operator assistance in procedural and safety-critical domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208261476502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:03:20Z","timestamp":1788350600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive Workload Assessment in Procedural Tasks"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Niosh","family":"Basnet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas S.","family":"Grimaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6375-8113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Zahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2015.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107118139704100279"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1126-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(95)05167-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jengtecman.2009.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","volume-title":"Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors 2017","author":"Charles R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Charles R., Nixon J. 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