{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:04:54Z","timestamp":1790337894954,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study explored whether and which cognitive abilities are supported by various levels of automation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parasuraman\u2019s (2000) model of automation provided guidance for designing automation to augment cognitive tasks. Subsequent mixed empirical findings and evolving understanding of attention control in complex tasks suggested an evaluation of how automation supports cognition within a task was needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants completed cognitive ability tests then a targeting task either manually or with information automation or decision automation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Decision automation supported working memory only when reliable, while attention control predicted performance regardless of automation level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results suggest automation can support specific processes like working memory, while attention control demands may persist across automation levels. However, because the task involved a relatively constrained form of automation, future research should examine whether these effects hold with more flexible, adaptive systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Automation should target specific cognitive functions while recognizing that attention control demands may persist. Future research might investigate how other automation designs can better support this foundational ability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208261485051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:51:39Z","timestamp":1790164299000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A New Look at the Relationship Between Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities and Automation-Assisted Performance"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2831-4621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Textor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9145-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Collins","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall","family":"Engle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2008.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-029348-6.50026-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721420969371"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijsa.12510"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001408"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211037457"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196772"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811418635"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193121005401408"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-021-02052-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000783"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185595"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00160"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-014-0461-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208261431968"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Practical multilevel modeling using R","author":"Huang F. L.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang F. L. (2022). Reporting results of multilevel models. In Practical multilevel modeling using R (pp. 33\u201348). Sage Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343417732856"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.133.2.189"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Robust and multivariate statistical methods: Festschrift in honor of david E. Tyler","author":"Koller M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koller M., Stahel W. A. (2022). Robust estimation of general linear mixed effects models. In Robust and multivariate statistical methods: Festschrift in honor of david E. Tyler (pp. 297\u2013322). Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2896(05)80012-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.16.6.1118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50_30392"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181320641274"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2024.101835"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820920099"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181311551020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.6.1.44"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","volume-title":"Usability engineering","author":"Nielsen J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nielsen J. (1994). Usability engineering. Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","volume-title":"The psychology of everyday things","author":"Norman D. A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Norman D. A. (1988). The psychology of everyday things. Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000514"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813501549"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208231159727"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2016.1189599"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08995600902768800"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039675"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813510736"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.844354"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","volume-title":"Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods","author":"Raudenbush S. W.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Raudenbush S. W., Bryk A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Sage.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","volume-title":"Raven\u2019s progressive matrices and vocabulary scales","author":"Raven J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Raven J., Court J. H. (1998). Raven\u2019s progressive matrices and vocabulary scales. Oxford Psychologists Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007779598082"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2016.1252806"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3002019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","volume-title":"Telerobotics, automation, and human supervisory control","author":"Sheridan T. B.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sheridan T. B. (1992). Telerobotics, automation, and human supervisory control. MIT press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691616650647"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0252"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819887252"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor P. Bilgrien N. He Z. Siegelmann H. T. (2015). EyeFrame: Real-time memory aid improves human multitasking via domain-general eye tracking procedures. Frontiers in ICT 2 Article 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fict.2015.00017","DOI":"10.3389\/fict.2015.00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","volume-title":"Primary mental abilities","author":"Thurstone L. L.","year":"1938","unstructured":"Thurstone L. L. (1938). Primary mental abilities. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(89)90040-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210902998047"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220500370105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720024497943"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720053653776"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208261485051","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00187208261485051","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00187208261485051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:47:36Z","timestamp":1790336856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00187208261485051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00187208261485051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00187208261485051","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"article-number":"00187208261485051"}}