{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:24:38Z","timestamp":1777857878930,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Health Serv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The research presented in this article exposes a wide gap between evidence and public policy with regard to influenza vaccination in the context of the 2009 pandemic and with regard to yearly seasonal epidemics. It shows that the World Health Organization and health authorities worldwide failed to protect the interests of the most vulnerable during the 2009 flu pandemic and demonstrates a lack of scientific base for seasonal flu vaccination campaigns. Narrowing the gap between scientific evidence and public health policies with regard to influenza is a serious and urgent matter, one that implies confronting the interests of big pharmaceutical corporations and their allies at academic and government levels. The credibility of science and the well-being of many are at stake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731415585976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T12:27:39Z","timestamp":1434371259000},"page":"453-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Flu Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Teresa Forcades","family":"i Vila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monestir de Sant Benet de Montserrat, Montserrat, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/protect\/keyfacts.htm. Accessed December 7, 2014."},{"key":"bibr2-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/protect\/whoshouldvax.htm. Accessed December 7, 2014."},{"key":"bibr3-0020731415585976","unstructured":"National Health Service. http:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/Conditions\/vaccinations\/Pages\/who-should-have-flu-vaccine.aspx. Accessed December 7, 2014."},{"key":"bibr4-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Faked Pandemics \u2013 a threat for health. Motion for a recommendation presented by Mr. Wodarg and others. Doc. 12110. 18 December 2009. http:\/\/assembly.coe.int. Accessed December 10, 2014."},{"key":"bibr5-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Cohen E. When a pandemic isn't a pandemic.\n                      CNN\n                      . May 4, 2009. http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2009\/HEALTH\/05\/04\/swine.flu.pandemic\/index.html. Accessed December 21, 2014."},{"key":"bibr6-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Interview in Danish done by Louise Voller and Kristian Villesen for the journal \u2018Information\u2019 (www.information.dk\/219754). A full English translation of the interview can be found in Dr. Wodarg's personal webpage: http:\/\/www.wodarg.de\/english\/3013320.html. Accessed December 12, 2014."},{"key":"bibr7-0020731415585976","unstructured":"The handling of HTE H1N1 pandemic: more transparency needed. Memorandum presented by Paul Flynn. AS\/Soc (2010) 12. Accessed March 23, 2010."},{"key":"bibr8-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Chan M. Influenza A (H1N1). Statement by WHO Director-General. 29 April 2009. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/statements\/2009\/h1n1_20090429\/en\/. Accessed December 12, 2014."},{"key":"bibr9-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3471"},{"key":"bibr10-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Debr\u00e9 B. \u2018Cette grippe n\u2019est pas dangereuse\u2019.\n                      Le Journal du Dimanche\n                      . July 25, 2009. http:\/\/www.lejdd.fr\/Societe\/Sante\/Actualite\/Debre-Cette-grippe-n-est-pas-dangereuse-38257. Accessed December 12, 2014."},{"key":"bibr11-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2018The Reemergence\n                      [of virus A\/H1N1 in the 1970s]\n                      was Probably an Accidental Release from a Laboratory Source in the Setting of Waning Population Immunity to H1 and N1 Antigens\u2019\n                      , (Zimmer SM, Burke, DS. Historical Perspective: Emergence of Influenza A (H1N1) viruses.\n                      NEJM\n                      , 16 July 2009: 282, 279.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0904322"},{"key":"bibr12-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0904322"},{"key":"bibr13-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3471"},{"key":"bibr14-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"% of seasonal flu mortality concentrates in the elderly (cf. Simonsen L, Viboud C, Taylor RJ, et\u00a0al. Influenza vaccination and mortality benefits: new insights, new opportunities.\n                      Vaccine\n                      . 2009;27: 6300\u20136304.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.07.008"},{"key":"bibr15-0020731415585976","first-page":"521","volume":"58","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"bibr16-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Chan M. World now at the start of 2009 influeza pandemic. Statement to the press by WHO Dirextor-General. June 11, 2009; http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/statements\/2009. Accessed December 21, 2014."},{"key":"bibr17-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Cohen E. When a pandemic isn't a pandemic.\n                      CNN\n                      . May 4, 2009. http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2009\/HEALTH\/05\/04\/swine.flu.pandemic\/index.html. Accessed December 21, 2014."},{"key":"bibr18-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Interview in Danish done by Louise Voller and Kristian Villesen for the journal \u2018Information\u2019 (www.information.dk\/219754). A full English translation of the interview can be found in Dr. Wodarg's personal webpage: http:\/\/www.wodarg.de\/english\/3013320.html. Accessed December 21, 2014."},{"key":"bibr19-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Shear M, Stein R. Why such a shortage of swine flu vaccine?\n                      The Washington Post\n                      . October 27, 2009."},{"key":"bibr20-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Herper M. The most productive drug companies of the past 10 years. April 15, 2013. http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/matthewherper\/2013\/04\/15\/the-most-productive-drug-companies-of-the-past-10-years\/. Accessed December 21, 2014."},{"key":"bibr21-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Japsen B. Obamacare will bring Drug Industry $35 Billion in Profits. May 25, 2013. http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/brucejapsen\/2013\/05\/25\/obamacare-will-bring-drug-industry-35-billion-in-profits\/. Accessed December 21, 2014."},{"key":"bibr22-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Global Alert and Response: WHO Recommendations on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Vaccines\n                      . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/swineflu\/notes. Accessed December 17, 2014."},{"key":"bibr23-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907650"},{"key":"bibr24-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Global Alert and Response: WHO Recommendations on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Vaccines\n                      . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Experts advise WHO on pandemic vaccine policies and strategies. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 14. October 30, 2009 http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/swineflu\/notes\/briefing_20091030\/en). Accessed December 17, 2014."},{"key":"bibr25-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Global Alert and Response: WHO Recommendations on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Vaccines\n                      . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 2; July 13, 2009 http:\/\/ www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/swineflu\/notes\/h1n1_vaccine_20090713\/en. Accessed December 17, 2009."},{"key":"bibr26-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024384"},{"key":"bibr27-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908535"},{"key":"bibr28-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Felipe N. Legal immunity set for swine flu vaccine makers. July 17, 2009. http:\/\/www.cleveland.com\/nation\/index.ssf\/2009\/07\/legal_immunity_set_for_swine_f.html. Accessed December 21, 2014."},{"key":"bibr29-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Global Research Video: H1N1 Influenza Polish Minister of Health Rejects WHO sponsored Vaccine. November 15, 2009; http:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/video-h1n1-influenza-polish-minister-of-health-rejects-who-sponsored-vaccine\/16102. Accessed December 19, 2014."},{"key":"bibr30-0020731415585976","unstructured":"EuroFlu \u2013 Weekly Electronic Bulletin.\n                      Data Status Week 44 (Nov, 1)\n                      . WHO\/Europe. November 6, 2009."},{"key":"bibr31-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-009-0130-9"},{"key":"bibr32-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Nordqvist C. Swine Flu Vaccine, Pandemrix, Halted in Finland, Possible Narcolepsy Risk.\n                      Medical News Today\n                      . August 24, 2010."},{"key":"bibr33-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC statement on narcolepsy following Pandemrix influenza vaccination in Europe; February 26, 2013 http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccinesafety\/Concerns\/h1n1_narcolepsy_pandemrix.html. Accessed December 21, 2014."},{"key":"bibr34-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barker CS, Snape MD. Pandemic influenza A H1N1 vaccines and narcolepsy: vaccine safety surveillance in action.\n                      The Lancet online\n                      . December 19, 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70238-X"},{"key":"bibr35-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.11.1428"},{"key":"bibr36-0020731415585976","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA). European Medicines Agency recommends restricting use of Pandemrix. Press release on July 21, 2011:\n                      In Persons Under 20 years of Age Pandemrix to be used only in the Absence of Seasonal Trivalent Influenza Vaccines, Following the Link to Very Rare Cases of Narcolepsy in Young People. Overall Benefit-Risk Remains Positive\n                      . http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Press_release\/2011\/07\/WC500109182.pdf. Accessed December 21, 2014."},{"key":"bibr37-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2003.06.002"},{"key":"bibr38-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2001.00841.x"},{"key":"bibr39-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Finland's National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) recommends discontinuation of Pandemrix vaccinations.\n                      National Institute for Health and Welfare\n                      . August 26, 2010. http:\/\/www.hel.fi\/hki\/Terke\/en\/news\/national+institute+for+health+and+welfare+recommends+discontinuation+of+pandemrix+vaccinations. Accessed December 21, 2014."},{"key":"bibr40-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f794"},{"key":"bibr41-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033536"},{"key":"bibr42-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Taylor J, O'Neill M. Press release: New European Alliance Meets to Discuss Impact of Swine Flu Vaccine (Pandemrix) on Children.\n                      Narcolepsy UK\n                      . November 11, 2013. http:\/\/www.narcolepsy.org.uk\/news\/press-release-new-european-alliance-meets-discuss-impact-swine-flu-vaccine-pandemrix-children-1. Accessed December 21, 2014."},{"key":"bibr43-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024384"},{"key":"bibr44-0020731415585976","volume":"2","author":"Demicheli V","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Cochrane Library"},{"key":"bibr45-0020731415585976","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA). Pandemrix. Last updated September 24, 2014 http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/medicines\/human\/medicines\/000832\/human_med_000965.jsp. Accessed December 21, 2014."},{"key":"bibr46-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haaheim LR, Katz JM. Immune correlates of protection against influenza: challenges for licensure of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines. Miami, FL, USA, March 1-3, 2010. Meeting report, 21 March 2011.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00242.x"},{"key":"bibr47-0020731415585976","unstructured":"BBC health news.\n                      Way Opened for Pandemrix Swine Flu Jab Compensation\n                      . September 20, 2013."},{"key":"bibr48-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Tom P. Brain-Damaged UK Victims of Swine Flu Vaccine to Get \u00a360 Million Compensation.\n                      International Busines Times\n                      . March 2, 2014."},{"key":"bibr49-0020731415585976","unstructured":"The Cochrane Collaboration. About Us: http:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/about-us. Accessed December 22, 2014."},{"key":"bibr50-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Al-Ansary LA, et\u00a0al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults.\n                      Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group\n                      . March 13, 2014. http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD001269.pub5\/abstract. Accessed December 30, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001269.pub5"},{"key":"bibr51-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Pietrantonj CD, et\u00a0al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children.\n                      Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group\n                      . August 15, 2012. http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004879.pub4\/abstract. Accessed December 30, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004879.pub4"},{"key":"bibr52-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jefferson T, Pietrantonj CD, Al-Ansary LA, et\u00a0al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly.\n                      Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infectious Group\n                      . February 17, 2010. http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004876.pub3\/abstract. Accessed December 30, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004876.pub3"},{"key":"bibr53-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, et\u00a0al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses.\n                      Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group\n                      . July 6, 2011. http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006207.pub4\/abstract. Accessed December 30, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006207.pub4"},{"key":"bibr54-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Thomas RE, Jefferson T, Lasserson TL. Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers who care for people aged 60 or older living in long-term care institutions.\n                      Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group\n                      . July 22, 2013. http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD005187.pub4\/abstract. Accessed December 30, 2014."},{"key":"bibr55-0020731415585976","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.thecochranelibrary.com\/details\/collection\/978807\/Influenza-evidence-from-Cochrane-Reviews.html. Accessed December 30, 2014."},{"key":"bibr56-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38995.531701.80"},{"key":"bibr57-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.54.4.563"},{"key":"bibr58-0020731415585976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.07.008"},{"key":"bibr59-0020731415585976","unstructured":"Group Health Center for Health Studies. 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November 30, 2012."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Health Services"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0020731415585976","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0020731415585976","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0020731415585976","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:03:10Z","timestamp":1777507390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0020731415585976"}},"subtitle":["The Gap Between Evidence and Public Policy"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0020731415585976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020731415585976","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7314","1541-4469"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7314","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-4469","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]}}}