{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:36:33Z","timestamp":1792499793204,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,20]],"date-time":"2016-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471651200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Health Serv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychiatric and behavior problems are common among children and young adults, and many go without care or only receive treatment in carceral settings. We examined racial and ethnic disparities in children\u2019s and young adults\u2019 receipt of mental health and substance abuse care using nationally representative data from the 2006\u20132012 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys. Blacks\u2019 and Hispanics\u2019 visit rates (and per capita expenditures) were about half those of non-Hispanic whites for all types and definitions of outpatient mental health services. Disparities were generally larger for young adults than for children. Black and white children had similar psychiatric inpatient and emergency department utilization rates, while Hispanic children had lower hospitalization rates. Multivariate control for mental health impairment, demographics, and insurance status did not attenuate racial\/ethnic disparities in outpatient care. We conclude that psychiatric and behavioral problems among minority youth often result in school punishment or incarceration, but rarely mental health care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731416662736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T22:18:48Z","timestamp":1471040328000},"page":"810-824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":242,"title":["Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mental Health Care for Children and Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Lyndonna","family":"Marrast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David U.","family":"Himmelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of New York at Hunter College, School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffie","family":"Woolhandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of New York at Hunter College, School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1413512"},{"key":"bibr2-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60379-2"},{"key":"bibr3-0020731416662736","unstructured":"Sickmund M, Puzzanchera C (eds).\n                      Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2014 National Report\n                      . Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice; 2014. http:\/\/www.ojjdp.gov\/ojstatbb\/nr2014\/downloads\/NR2014.pdf. Accessed December 29, 2015."},{"key":"bibr4-0020731416662736","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.\n                      Medical Expenditure Panel Survey: Survey background\n                      . http:\/\/meps.ahrq.gov\/mepsweb\/about_meps\/survey_back.jsp#household. Accessed December 29, 2015."},{"key":"bibr5-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1234-988X(199612)6:4<295::AID-MPR173>3.3.CO;2-5"},{"key":"bibr6-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704003514"},{"key":"bibr7-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1503"},{"key":"bibr8-0020731416662736","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.\n                      Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings\n                      . Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2014. NSDUH Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863. http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013\/Web\/NSDUHresults2013.htm#fig2.12. 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Accessed September 4, 2015."},{"key":"bibr13-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204013515280"},{"key":"bibr14-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128713514801"},{"key":"bibr15-0020731416662736","unstructured":"Bureau of Justice Statistics.\n                      Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates\n                      . http:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/mhppji.pdf. Published September 2006. Accessed September 4, 2015."},{"key":"bibr16-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146512453928"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr17-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0289","volume":"21","author":"Cook BL","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"bibr18-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-014-2877-y"},{"key":"bibr19-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.144279"},{"key":"bibr20-0020731416662736","volume-title":"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness","author":"Alexander M","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr21-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2011.00740.x"},{"key":"bibr22-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.9.867"},{"key":"bibr23-0020731416662736","volume-title":"Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr24-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.9.1440"},{"key":"bibr25-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199511000-00021"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr26-0020731416662736","first-page":"409","volume":"31","author":"Cunningham PJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"bibr27-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005412"},{"key":"bibr28-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018788901831"},{"key":"bibr29-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31806728fa"},{"key":"bibr30-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558709350884"},{"key":"bibr31-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.728"},{"key":"bibr32-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.10.006"},{"key":"bibr33-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2012.01439.x"},{"key":"bibr34-0020731416662736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558713518347"},{"key":"bibr35-0020731416662736","unstructured":"Bureau of Justice Statistics. Prisoners in 2014. http:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/p14.pdf. 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