{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:25:38Z","timestamp":1777857938978,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stanford Center for Advanced Studies in Behavioral Sciences"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Boston Medical Library"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001773","name":"University of New South Wales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Health Serv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have demonstrated a sex bias when it comes to the portrayal of men and women in medical journal advertisements for prescription drugs for psychiatric conditions. However, these studies have typically looked at ads over a restricted time period and often for a single diagnosis. Here we focus on ads for 3 diagnoses \u2013 anxiety, depression, and a combination of anxiety and depression \u2013 and cover nearly half a century to examine how the portrayal of patients changed over that time period with respect to sex. We sampled ads for products treating anxiety, depression, and anxiety\/depression published in the Journal of the American Medical Association between 1946 and 1990. Our findings confirm other studies showing a marked preponderance of female patient representation during the 1960s in psychotropic drug advertising. However, we also show that from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, the proportion of ads for drugs featuring depression and\/or anxiety indications depicted male patients significantly more than prior years in which females predominated, demonstrating advertisers\u2019 reaction to the critique of gender stereotyping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731420912999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T22:21:38Z","timestamp":1585174898000},"page":"292-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Rise and Fall of the Neurotic Housewife: Patient Sex in Psychotropic Drug Advertising to Physicians 1946\u20131990"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5120-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Lexchin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Policy & Management, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programs in History and Environment & Society, School of Humanities & Languages, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bibr1-0020731420912999","first-page":"89","volume":"35","author":"Liebman M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Market Media"},{"key":"bibr2-0020731420912999","unstructured":"Neslin S. ROI analysis of pharmaceutical promotion (RAPP): an independent study. https:\/\/amm.memberclicks.net\/assets\/documents\/RAPP_Study_AMM.pdf. Published 2001. Accessed November 20, 2018."},{"key":"bibr3-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006350"},{"key":"bibr4-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000352"},{"key":"bibr5-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0037-7856(75)90154-7"},{"key":"bibr6-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.08.063"},{"key":"bibr7-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2003.00483.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1980.11024058"},{"key":"bibr9-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J015v16n01_08"},{"key":"bibr10-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000120887.30063.9b"},{"key":"bibr11-0020731420912999","unstructured":"Felder S, Gaudilli\u00e8re J-P, Thoms U. Ads, ads, ads: the GEPHAMA database and its uses. \u00a0In:\u00a0Gaudilli\u00e8re J-P, Thoms U (eds)\n                      The development of scientific marketing in the twentieth century: research for sales in the pharmaceutical industry\n                      .\u00a0London: Pickering & Chatto, 2015; 63\u201386."},{"key":"bibr12-0020731420912999","volume-title":"Happy Pills in America: From Miltown to Prozac","author":"Herzberg D.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr13-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90034-8"},{"key":"bibr14-0020731420912999","volume-title":"Small Comfort: A History of the Minor Tranquillizers","author":"Smith M.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr15-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/52.3.338"},{"key":"bibr16-0020731420912999","volume-title":"The Age of Anxiety: A History of America\u2019s Turbulent Affair With Tranquilizers","author":"Tone A.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr17-0020731420912999","unstructured":"Tranquility drug market.\n                      FDC Reports\n                      . December 5, 1955:10\u201312."},{"key":"bibr18-0020731420912999","unstructured":"Therapeutic uses & side effects of 38 psychopharmaceuticals tabulated by NIH service center; market stable and competitive.\n                      FDC Reports\n                      . September 5, 1960:7\u201310."},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr19-0020731420912999","first-page":"3","volume":"5","author":"Balter M","year":"1969","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"bibr20-0020731420912999","volume-title":"On Speed: The Many Lives of Amphetamine","author":"Rasmussen N.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr21-0020731420912999","unstructured":"Calif West Med\n                      . 1945;\n62:33 [advertisements]."},{"key":"bibr22-0020731420912999","unstructured":"Am J Psychiatry\n                      . 1945;\n101:xiii [advertisements]."},{"key":"bibr23-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.110593"},{"key":"bibr24-0020731420912999","volume-title":"The Antidepressant Era","author":"Healy D.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr25-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2011.11.002"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr26-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.131.11.1273","volume":"131","author":"McRee C","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr27-0020731420912999","first-page":"187","volume":"13","author":"Thompson E.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"bibr28-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/E81E-T164-T0BG-RM05"},{"key":"bibr29-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822386704"},{"key":"bibr30-0020731420912999","unstructured":"Galton L. A new drug brings relief for the tense and anxious.\n                      Cosmolpolitan\n                      . August 1955:82\u201383."},{"key":"bibr31-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.181255"},{"key":"bibr32-0020731420912999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1973.01750360007002"},{"key":"bibr33-0020731420912999","volume-title":"The Feminine Mystique","author":"Friedan B.","year":"1963"},{"key":"bibr34-0020731420912999","unstructured":"Ban all ads for mood-altering drugs, feminists urge.\n                      FDC Reports\n                      . June 4, 1973:8."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Health Services"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0020731420912999","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0020731420912999","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0020731420912999","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0020731420912999","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:04:10Z","timestamp":1777507450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0020731420912999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0020731420912999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020731420912999","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7314","1541-4469"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7314","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-4469","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]}}}