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The present article steps into this breach by assessing a number of theoretically informed hypotheses surrounding the underlying causes of such spatial heterogeneity. Above and beyond a range of usual suspects, such as poverty, unemployment, and ethno-racial disparities, we find that a hitherto neglected explanans is prison incarceration. In particular, through the use of previously unavailable county-level panel data and a compound instrumentation technique suited to isolating exogenous treatment variation, high imprisonment rates are shown to substantially increase the population-wide risk of premature death. Our findings contribute to the political economy of population health by relating the rise of the carceral state to the amplification of geographically anchored unequal life chances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00207314211024895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T22:01:44Z","timestamp":1623362504000},"page":"545-558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Punitive Social Policy and Vital Inequality"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0106-1564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Nosrati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Merton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence P.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMass Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00207314211024895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.4226"},{"key":"bibr2-00207314211024895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.0918"},{"key":"bibr3-00207314211024895","volume-title":"The killing fields of inequality","author":"Therborn G","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr4-00207314211024895","first-page":"S28","volume":"51","author":"Link BG","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"bibr5-00207314211024895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816192"},{"key":"bibr6-00207314211024895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/sth.2015.19"},{"key":"bibr7-00207314211024895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780195377903.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr8-00207314211024895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2003.0059"},{"key":"bibr9-00207314211024895","volume-title":"The growth of incarceration in the United States: exploring causes and consequences","author":"National Research Council","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr10-00207314211024895","volume-title":"Punishment and inequality in America","author":"Western B","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr11-00207314211024895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190492472.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr12-00207314211024895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3406\/arss.1993.3070"},{"key":"bibr13-00207314211024895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444355093.ch19"},{"key":"bibr14-00207314211024895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/DAED_a_00024"},{"key":"bibr15-00207314211024895","volume-title":"Poverty: a history","author":"Geremek B","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr16-00207314211024895","unstructured":"Muller C, Schrage D. 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