{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T19:24:50Z","timestamp":1777749890042,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Soc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Psychiatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) have been part of most inpatient psychiatric services for some time, although information about their functioning and outcome has not previously been collated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Aim: To conduct a systematic literature review to assess the current state of knowledge about such services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Method: A search of electronic databases was undertaken, followed by obtaining additional references from items obtained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Over 50 papers in English containing some empirical data were identified. Most studies were retrospective. Typical PICU patients are male, younger, single, unemployed, suffering from schizophrenia or mania, from a Black Caribbean or African background, legally detained, with a forensic history. The most common reason for admission is for aggression management, and most patients stay a week or less. Evidence of the efficacy of PICU care is very poor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Most research so far has been small scale, and more substantial work using better methodologies is clearly required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764007082482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,4]],"date-time":"2008-01-04T07:33:37Z","timestamp":1199432017000},"page":"56-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Psychiatric Intensive Care Units: a Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Len","family":"Bowers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University, Philpot Street, London E1 2EA, UK,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Jeffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University, Philpot Street, London E1 2EA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hulya","family":"Bilgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florence Nightingale College of Nursing, Istanbul University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Jarrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University, Philpot Street, London E1 2EA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, City University, Philpot Street, London E1 2EA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University, Philpot Street, London E1 2EA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"atypb1","first-page":"81","volume":"39","author":"Allan, E.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hospital & Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00767.x"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.21.3.142"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378803300807"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7489(02)00043-3"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638230400017095"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb7","first-page":"74","volume":"45","author":"Citrome, L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hospital and Community Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb8","first-page":"248","volume":"12","author":"Cohen, S.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002580248902900206"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb07021.x"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.20.11.676"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2850.2002.00524.x"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Review of Health and Social Services for Mentally Disordered Offenders and Others Requiring Similar Services. 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