{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:02:24Z","timestamp":1787018544035,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Soc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to identify the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and suicidality and identify relevant risk and protecting factors among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted an anonymous online survey ( n\u2009=\u2009984, convenience sample by approaching all universities in Georgia and some student organizations) using valid instruments (e.g., STAI to assess anxiety, CES-D for depression, and RASS to assess suicidality). We calculated frequencies and prevalence and applied regression analysis and Chi-square tests to identify risk and protecting factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respondents\u2019 mental health had been significantly affected (with a high prevalence of depression (46.7%) and anxiety (79%)) during the pandemic (which coincided with political turmoil and caused an economic crisis) in Georgia. Some of the critical factors affecting mental health were: female sex ( p\u2009=\u2009.000), bad general health condition (anxiety p\u2009=\u2009.001, depression p\u2009=\u2009.004), finances (anxiety and depression p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), reduced physical activity (anxiety p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001, depression p\u2009=\u2009.014), and a history of self-harming (suicidality p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Less family conflicts (anxiety and depression p\u2009&lt;\u2009.05), absence of nightmares (anxiety and depression p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), moderate or low fears of COVID-19 (anxiety p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), and lower substance use (anxiety p\u2009=\u2009.023) were among the potentially protective factors. International students coped better, despite vulnerability. Medical students had a lower risk of depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the complex socioeconomic context, mental health of students in Georgia suffered a lot during the COVID-19 pandemic, requiring thorough planning and delivery of student support services in higher educational institutions during and after the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640221099420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T10:23:05Z","timestamp":1654251785000},"page":"1036-1046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["University students\u2019 mental health amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8749-125X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilia","family":"Nadareishvili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"David Tvildiani Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timur","family":"Syunyakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9591-4918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Smirnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry,Samara State Medical University, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Sinauridze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Tvildiani Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Tskitishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Tvildiani Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandre","family":"Tskitishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Tvildiani Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Zhulina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikaella E.","family":"Patsali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Manafis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5965-707X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos K.","family":"Fountoulakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos N.","family":"Fountoulakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.707342"},{"key":"bibr2-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000362"},{"key":"bibr3-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2020.1769300"},{"key":"bibr4-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976211031847"},{"key":"bibr5-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12010017"},{"key":"bibr6-00207640221099420","unstructured":"BBC News. (2020, July 6). Coronavirus: How \u201cthree musketeers\u201d helped Georgia fight virus. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-53269000?fbclid=IwAR3ZFkFUZiTANbTLfnjndQ19OIjNT9oYDD2jwGYKCNXTPOu0Xb6Q2Gr9jaw"},{"key":"bibr7-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8"},{"key":"bibr8-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102333"},{"key":"bibr9-00207640221099420","unstructured":"Constantine T. (2020, April 22). Coronavirus success story: The nation of Georgia. Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtontimes.com\/news\/2020\/apr\/22\/coronavirus-success-story-the-nation-of-georgia\/"},{"key":"bibr10-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126343"},{"key":"bibr11-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13384-020-00409-5"},{"key":"bibr12-00207640221099420","unstructured":"Edu aris. (n.d.). \u201e\u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10ec\u10d4\u10d5\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u201c \u2013 \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8 75 803 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. Retrieved March 31, 2021, from https:\/\/edu.aris.ge\/news\/pandemiis-fonze-momiwevs-statusis-shechereba-bolo-monacemebit-studentis-statusi-75-803-pirs-aqvs-shecherebuli.html"},{"key":"bibr13-00207640221099420","unstructured":"EFA Education Coalition. (2020). \u10e0\u10d0 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d7 2020-2021 \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1. Retrieved March 31, 2021, from http:\/\/efageorgia.ge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97-2020-2021-%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3wEiPY_oHvgmDdFLJrrBmPLsNCKcLAoq-aeVEaTd8Y-ykkuy0YXliF5Ho"},{"key":"bibr14-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.775374"},{"key":"bibr15-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-1-3"},{"key":"bibr16-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.10.004"},{"key":"bibr17-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.12.045"},{"key":"bibr18-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103481"},{"key":"bibr19-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261346"},{"key":"bibr20-00207640221099420","unstructured":"Government of Georgia. (2020). On the approval of measures to be implemented in connection with the prevention of the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in Georgia (No. 181). Author. Retrieved March 31, 2021, from https:\/\/matsne.gov.ge\/en\/document\/view\/4830610?publication=0"},{"key":"bibr21-00207640221099420","unstructured":"Government of Georgia. (2021). Report of the measures taken by the Government of Georgia against Covid-19. http:\/\/gov.ge\/files\/76338_76338_444796_COVID-19angarishi\u2026pdf"},{"key":"bibr22-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.918"},{"key":"bibr23-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000519366"},{"key":"bibr24-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.590335"},{"key":"bibr25-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113111"},{"key":"bibr26-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2020.1853805"},{"key":"bibr27-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111381"},{"key":"bibr28-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.682931"},{"key":"bibr29-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02021-8"},{"key":"bibr30-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.669119"},{"key":"bibr31-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00641-9"},{"key":"bibr32-00207640221099420","unstructured":"Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia. (2020). The official statement of the Minister of Education, Science, Culture and sport, Mikheil Chkhenkeli. Retrieved March 31, 2021, from https:\/\/www.mes.gov.ge\/content.php?id=10165&lang=eng"},{"key":"bibr33-00207640221099420","unstructured":"Ministry of Finance of Georgia. (2021). \u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ea\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8. https:\/\/www.mof.ge\/images\/File\/2022-biujeti\/01-10-2021\/danartebi\/scenarebis%20analizi.pdf"},{"key":"bibr34-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002215"},{"key":"bibr35-00207640221099420","unstructured":"National Center for Disease Control and Public Health. (2021). One year with COVID-19: Report of the National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (5th Rev). Author. https:\/\/ncdc.ge\/api\/api\/File\/GetFile\/20ed3f9c-54bd-42e2-a58a-dffea6169fc6"},{"key":"bibr36-00207640221099420","unstructured":"National Center for Educational Quality Enhancement. (n.d.). HEIs. Retrieved March 31, 2021, from https:\/\/eqe.ge\/en\/page\/static\/89\/umaghlesi-saganmanatleblo-datsesebulebebi"},{"key":"bibr37-00207640221099420","unstructured":"National Statistics Office of Georgia. (n.d.). Higher education. Retrieved March 31, 2021, from https:\/\/www.geostat.ge\/ka\/modules\/categories\/61\/umaghlesi-ganatleba"},{"key":"bibr38-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97697-3"},{"key":"bibr39-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/edu-2020-0128"},{"key":"bibr40-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113298"},{"key":"bibr41-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2016.31.10"},{"key":"bibr42-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.650759"},{"key":"bibr43-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506211000217"},{"key":"bibr44-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12962"},{"key":"bibr45-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052503"},{"key":"bibr46-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2021.22"},{"key":"bibr47-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/21279"},{"key":"bibr48-00207640221099420","unstructured":"TIBCO Software Inc. (2018). Statistica (data analysis software system) (Version 13) [Computer software]. http:\/\/tibco.com"},{"key":"bibr49-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00812463211012219"},{"key":"bibr50-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12098-5"},{"key":"bibr51-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/22817"},{"key":"bibr52-00207640221099420","unstructured":"World Bank. (2021). World Bank in Georgia: Country context. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/georgia\/overview#1"},{"key":"bibr53-00207640221099420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.580561"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00207640221099420","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00207640221099420","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00207640221099420","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:54:31Z","timestamp":1777463671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00207640221099420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00207640221099420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00207640221099420","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7640","1741-2854"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7640","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2854","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]}}}