{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T09:53:18Z","timestamp":1791625998995,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Soc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study examined gender differences in mental health, self-esteem, family function, marital satisfaction, and life satisfaction between men and women living in a refugee camp for Syrian refugees in Jordan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A snowball method used by local female and male students trained to collect data according to culturally competent methods. The following research instruments were deployed: Symptoms Checklist-SCL90, Self-esteem Scale, the McMaster Family Assessment Device, Marital Satisfaction Scale, and life Satisfaction Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 290 adults (196 women and 94 men) living in a refugee camp in Jordan participated in the study. Findings revealed that marital satisfaction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction were significantly different between males and females, indicating less subjective well-being for women. Many of the mental health symptoms in this study were more common for women than men; particularly noteworthy were somatization, obsessive compulsive behavior, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility, psychoticism, and higher scores on the Global Severity Index (GSI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While some stressors are not gender-specific, there are unique factors that women face which place them at increased risk of mental health problems. Implications for practice include a greater understanding of the challenges and resilience mechanisms that are related to gender and culture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640221140286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T04:57:58Z","timestamp":1670907478000},"page":"714-723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Gender differences in Syrian refugees in Jordan: Psychological, self-esteem, family function, marital satisfaction, and life satisfaction"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Alean","family":"Al-Krenawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spitzer Department of Social Work, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5967-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa M","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"Abu Tarboush R. (2014). Social and psychological effects of the Syrian crisis on the Syrian refugee children in Jordan [Unpublished MA thesis]. The University of Jordan (in Arabic)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","unstructured":"Aljundi A. (2016). Gender-based violence among Syrian refugees: Reality and how to address it [Unpublished MA thesis]. The University of Jordan (in Arabic)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005583920356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9375-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020872815626997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","volume-title":"Women and mental health: The Middle East Case","author":"Al-Krenawi A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Krenawi A. (2020). Women and mental health: The Middle East Case. Whiting & Birch Ltd."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","volume-title":"Syrian refugees in Jordan and mental healthChallenges and culturally sensitive practice","author":"Al-Krenawi A.","unstructured":"Al-Krenawi A. (in press). Syrian refugees in Jordan and mental health: Challenges and culturally sensitive practice. Springer."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Acculturative stress and reverse culture shock among international students: Implication for practice","volume":"33","author":"Al-Krenawi A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Krenawi A., Al-Krenawi L. (2022). Acculturative stress and reverse culture shock among international students: Implication for practice. The Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 33(1), 9\u201318.","journal-title":"The Arab Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-020-00659-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/25.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/SOCP.148.6.745-764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","unstructured":"Al-Zaghoul A. (2016). Problems facing Syrian refugees in Al-Zaatri refugee camp [Unpublished MA thesis]. The University of Jordan (in Arabic)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","volume-title":"Do Arab women need saving? The health of women in the Arab world","author":"Asi M. Y.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asi M. Y. (2020). Do Arab women need saving? The health of women in the Arab world. Arab Center Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90219-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WTF.0000000000000097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(02)00708-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WTF.0000000000000123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2010.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05090.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","unstructured":"Christophersen M. (2015). Securing education for Syrian refugees in Jordan. International Peace Institute. https:\/\/www.ipinst.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/IPI-E-pub-Securing-Education-for-Syrian-Refugees.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7615-3_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deacon Z. Sullivan C. (2009). Responding to the complex and gendered needs of refugee women. Affilia 24(3) 272\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886109909337401","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109909337401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","volume-title":"The brief symptom inventory-18 (BSI-18): Administration, scoring and procedures manual","author":"Derogatis L. R.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Derogatis L. R. (2000). The brief symptom inventory-18 (BSI-18): Administration, scoring and procedures manual. National Computer Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale\u2013preliminary report","volume":"9","author":"Derogatis L. R.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Derogatis L. R., Lipman R. S., Covi L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale\u2013preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9, 13\u201328.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00226"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000022618.65406.e8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Images in psychiatry: An Arab perspective","author":"El Islam F","year":"2001","unstructured":"El Islam F. (2001). Social psychiatry and the impact of religion. In Okasha A., Maj M. (Eds.), Images in psychiatry: An Arab perspective (pp. 21\u201335). WPA Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","volume-title":"Egypt demographic and health survey-1995","author":"El-Zanaty F.","year":"1996","unstructured":"El-Zanaty F., Hussein E. M., Shawky G. A., Way A. A., Kishor S. (1996). Egypt demographic and health survey-1995. National Population Council."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.5.366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","unstructured":"Francis A. (2015). Jordan\u2019s refugee crisis. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 12.! http:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2015\/09\/21\/jordan-s-refugee-crisis-pub-61338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gammouh O. S. Al-Smadi A. M. Tawalbeh L. I. Khoury L. S. (2015). Chronic diseases lack of medications and depression among Syrian refugees in Jordan 2013\u20132014. Preventing Chronic Disease 12 E10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5888\/pcd12.140424","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd12.140424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330902928808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","unstructured":"Hiil. (2018). https:\/\/www.hiil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Justice-Needs-of-Syrian-refugees.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003644"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirmayer L. J. (2006). Beyond the \u201cnew cross-cultural psychiatry\u201d: Cultural biology discursive psychology and the ironies of globalization. Transcultural Psychiatry 43 126\u2013144. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363461506061761","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461506061761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7615-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","volume-title":"Rethinking psychiatry: From cultural category to personal experience","author":"Kleinman A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kleinman A. (1988). Rethinking psychiatry: From cultural category to personal experience. Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/351979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-007-0280-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lustig S. L. Kia-Keating M. Grant-Knight W. Geltman P. Ellis H. Birman D. Kinzie D. Keane T. Saxe G. (2003). Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health. White Paper National Child Traumatic Stress Network Refugee Trauma Task Force. http:\/\/www.nctsnet.org\/nctsn_assets\/pdfs\/reports\/refugeereview.pdf","DOI":"10.1037\/e318832004-001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","volume-title":"Impact of the separation on refugee families, Syrian refugees in Jordan. Amman","author":"McNatt Z.","year":"2018","unstructured":"McNatt Z., Boothby N, Al-Shannaq H., Chandler H., Freels P., Mahmoud A., Majdalani N., Zebib L. (2018). Impact of the separation on refugee families, Syrian refugees in Jordan. Amman. Columbia Global Centers, UNHCR MENA Director\u2019s Office in Amman."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","unstructured":"Meade S. (2021). https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/c3315f5c71e644e09f2b1f0507c31b82"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104508100889"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohwinkel L.-M. Nowak A. C. Kasper A. Razum O. (2018). Gender differences in the mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors in Europe. A systematic review. BMJ Open 8(7) e022389. https:\/\/pub.uni-bielefeld.de\/record\/2930453","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","unstructured":"Murray K. E. Davidson G. R. Schweitzer R. D. (2008). Psychological wellbeing of refugees resettling in Australia. The Australian Psychological Society. https:\/\/psychology.org.au\/getmedia\/73cf6347-82f2-4b2d-bb27-6ccc123f8bb8\/refugee-literature-review.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray K. E. Davidson G. R. Schweitzer R. D. (2010). Review of refugee mental health interventions following resettlement: Best practices and recommendations. The American journal of orthopsychiatry 80(4) 576\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01062.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01062.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.18.2.125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13642530701496930"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25071\/1920-7336.21236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.5.602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.1999.00497.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","volume-title":"Conceiving the self","author":"Rosenberg M.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rosenberg M. (1979). Conceiving the self. Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6427.2011.00555.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Images in psychiatry: An Arab perspective","author":"Saif Al Dawla A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Saif Al Dawla A. (2001). Social factors affecting women\u2019s mental health in the Arab region. In Okasha A., Maj M. (Eds.) Images in psychiatry: An Arab perspective (pp. 207\u2013223). WPA Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangalang C. C. Vang C. (2017). Intergenerational trauma in refugee families: A systematic review. Immigrant Minority Health 19 745\u2013754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-016-0499-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-016-0499-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","volume-title":"The contemporary refugee crisis: An overview of mental health challenges","author":"Silove D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Silove D., Ventevogel P., Rees S. (2017). The contemporary refugee crisis: An overview of mental health challenges. World Psychiatry."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","volume-title":"Impact of Syrian refugees on the Jordanian labour market: Findings from the governorates of Amman, Irbid and Mafraq","author":"Stave S. E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stave S. E., Hillesund S. (2015). Impact of Syrian refugees on the Jordanian labour market: Findings from the governorates of Amman, Irbid and Mafraq. International Labour Organization (ILO) and Fafo Research Foundation."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","unstructured":"Trbovc J. M. Hofman A. (2015). Toolkit for integrating gender-sensitive approach into research and teaching. https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/garcia_working_paper_6_toolkit_integrating_gender_research_teaching.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2008). UNHCR handbook for the protection of women and girls. Retrieved May 20 2014 from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/47cfae612.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2019). https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/statistics\/unhcrstats\/5ee200e37\/unhcr-global-trends-2019.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2013). UNHCR mid-year trends 2013. Retrieved May 20 2014 from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/52af08d26.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2021). UNHCR Jordan: Azraq Refugee Camp \u2013 Factsheet June 2021. https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/jordan\/unhcr-jordan-azraq-refugee-camp-factsheet-june-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2017). Resettlement and Other Forms of Admission for Syrian Refugees. http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/52b2febafc5.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2021). Gender and Women\u2019s Mental Health UNHCR (2021). https:\/\/reporting.unhcr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Jordan%20country%20factsheet%20-%20February%202021.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14005-6_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","unstructured":"Zibani T. (2016). The triple burden and the triple role of women. https:\/\/www.empowerwomen.org\/en\/community\/discussions\/2016\/11\/the-triple-burden-and-triple-role-of-women"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00207640221140286","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00207640221140286","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00207640221140286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:54:44Z","timestamp":1777463684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00207640221140286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00207640221140286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00207640221140286","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7640","1741-2854"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7640","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2854","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]}}}