{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:50:41Z","timestamp":1785322241444,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council through its Division of Research Capacity Development under the Internship Scholarship Programme","award":["HDID8459\/KR\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDID8459\/KR\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Soc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Informal settlements are high density areas in and around cities, characterized by a lack of formal planning and basic amenities, being known in South Africa for high levels of mental disorder driven by violence, and complex social and economic challenges. In particular, young men\u2019s poor mental health goes untreated, with relatively few evidenced-based interventions available in this setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cluster randomized controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of Stepping Stones and Creating Futures (SS\/CF), a participatory gender transformative and economic empowerment intervention, on the mental health of young men living in South African informal settlement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 674 young men ages 18 to 30\u2009years were recruited in 34 clusters in Durban\u2019s urban informal settlements. Clusters were randomly allocated (1:1) to either the experimental SS\/CF or control arm and participants were followed-up over 24-months. Intention-to-treat analysis based on generalized estimating equations (GEE) were fitted to quantify the impact of SS\/CF on the men\u2019s anxiety and post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptomatology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At end of the 24\u2009months follow-period, anxiety (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.62, p\u2009=\u2009.04, 95% CI [0.39, 0.99]) and PTS (aOR\u2009=\u20090.52, p\u2009=\u2009.03, 95% CI [0.29, 0.93]) were significantly lower for group assigned to the SS\/CF compared to the control group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SS\/CF, a gender transformative and livelihoods strengthening intervention designed to address poverty and other socio-economic challenges in informal settlements reduced anxiety and PTS among men with mental health challenges living in informal settlements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640231174370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T05:39:11Z","timestamp":1685943551000},"page":"1712-1722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cluster randomized controlled trial of Stepping Stones and Creating Futures to reduce mental health challenges among young men in informal settlements in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0548-4705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Oyekunle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"},{"name":"KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, UK"},{"name":"Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00207640231174370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31509-X"},{"key":"bibr2-00207640231174370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/hprospect.v17i1.20351"},{"key":"bibr3-00207640231174370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/hlt013"},{"key":"bibr4-00207640231174370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796015000086"},{"key":"bibr5-00207640231174370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74983-9_9"},{"key":"bibr6-00207640231174370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12132-016-9289-5"},{"key":"bibr7-00207640231174370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002439"},{"key":"bibr8-00207640231174370","unstructured":"eThekwini Municipality. 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