{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T12:03:39Z","timestamp":1785153819858,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAKENHI Grant No. 20H03610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAKENHI Grant No. 20H03610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020237","name":"Japan Health Research Promotion Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-B-08, 2021-B-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-B-08, 2021-B-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020237","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009438","name":"National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Intramural Research Grants for Neurological and Ps"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Intramural Research Grants for Neurological and Ps"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development AMED","award":["Japan under Grant Number 22he2202007 and 22dk03071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Japan under Grant Number 22he2202007 and 22dk03071"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Soc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research has shown that discrimination is prevalent in many countries and associated with poorer mental health. However, little is known about discrimination and its effects in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address this deficit this study examined the association between perceived discrimination and mental health outcomes in the Japanese general population and the role of general stress in these associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were analyzed from 1,245 individuals (age 18\u201389) that were collected in an online survey in 2021. Perceived discrimination was assessed with a single-item measure as was lifetime suicidal ideation. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were respectively measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. General stress was assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14). Logistic regression was used to assess associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perceived discrimination was prevalent (31.6%) in the study sample. In fully adjusted analyses discrimination was associated with all of the mental health outcomes\/general stress with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 2.78 (suicidal ideation) to 6.09 (general stress) among individuals with a high level of discrimination. When the analyses were adjusted for general stress (as a continuous score) there was a large reduction in the ORs although high discrimination continued to be significantly associated with anxiety (OR: 2.21), while a mid level of discrimination was related to depressive symptoms (OR: 1.87) and had a borderline association with suicidal ideation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perceived discrimination is common in the Japanese general population and associated with worse mental health, with stress possibly playing a role in this association.<\/jats:p>\n                  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