{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:14:19Z","timestamp":1787498059677,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Centre for Mental Health Promotion"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Soc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aimed to assess the national attitudes toward individuals with mental health illnesses in Saudi Arabia, exploring the relationship between these attitudes and various sociodemographic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional design with computer-assisted telephone interviews was employed, covering all 13 administrative regions in Saudi Arabia. A total of 4,533 adults agreed to participate, and their attitudes toward people with mental illnesses (PWMI) were measured using an 11-item scale. The translation of the original English version of the PWMI to Arabic was validated and published previously. The scale used level of agreement on a 5-point Likert scale. The score varies from 11 to 55, where a higher score signifies higher stigma. The associations between total PWMI scores and sociodemographic variables were analyzed using linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age of participants was 35.92\u2009\u00b1\u200912.84, with equal distribution across regions. The linear regression model showed significant associations between total PWMI scores and gender, education level, marital status, living with, or being friends with someone diagnosed with a mental illness, and working in healthcare. No significant associations were found with age, income level, and previous mental health diagnosis. The study suggests that negative stereotypes about mental illness may be more prevalent in Saudi Arabia, while Saudi participants had a more optimistic view regarding the recovery and outcomes of mental illnesses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study highlights the importance of assessing mental health stigma and its associations with sociodemographic factors in Saudi Arabia. The significant associations found point to the need for targeted interventions and public health campaigns to address misconceptions and stereotypes surrounding mental health, ultimately improving the societal acceptance and well-being of individuals with mental health illnesses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640241263247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T03:01:27Z","timestamp":1721876487000},"page":"1118-1127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessing attitudes toward mental health illnesses in Saudi Arabia: A national cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Nasser F","family":"BinDhim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Informed Decision-Making Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8215-6097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora A","family":"Althumiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Informed Decision-Making Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulaiman M","family":"Al-Luhaidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studies and Information, National Committee for Narcotics Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alhajji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Insights Unit, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami Yahya","family":"A Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Department, King Abdullah Medical City, Mecca, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussain","family":"Alyami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Taif University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashed Abdullah","family":"Al-Duraihem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Mental Health Promotion, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulhameed Abdullah","family":"Alhabeeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Mental Health Promotion, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mental stigma among Al-Ahsa population in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Alamer M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alamer M., Alsaad A., Al-Ghareeb M., Almomatten A., Alaethan M., AlAmeer M. A. (2021). Mental stigma among Al-Ahsa population in Saudi Arabia. Cureus, 13(11), 1\u20137.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-018-0221-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1213851"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkathiri M. A. Almohammed O. A. Alqahtani F. AlRuthia Y. (2022). Associations of depression and anxiety with stigma in a sample of patients in Saudi Arabia who recovered from COVID-19. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 15 381\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S350931.","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S350931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S265872"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/23965"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00699.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(03)00186-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-023-00615-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/23748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1875642"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1265096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201100529"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness","volume":"1","author":"Corrigan P. W.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Corrigan P. W., Watson A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), 16.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"Stigmatization of people with mental illnesses: A follow-up study within the Changing Minds campaign of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","volume":"4","author":"Crisp A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Crisp A., Gelder M., Goddard E., Meltzer H. (2005). Stigmatization of people with mental illnesses: A follow-up study within the Changing Minds campaign of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. World Psychiatry, 4(2), 106.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcad.12302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002558"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stigma for common mental disorders in racial minorities and majorities a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Eylem O.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eylem O., De Wit L., Van Straten A., Steubl L., Melissourgaki Z., Dan\u0131\u015fman G. T., De Vries R., Kerkhof A.J., Bhui K., Cuijpers P. (2020). Stigma for common mental disorders in racial minorities and majorities a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1\u201320.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","volume-title":"Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity","author":"Goffman E.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goffman E. (2009). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-25"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670802653349"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-009-9191-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68184-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.09.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03301-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.40202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09121743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01826.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2016.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","volume-title":"Shunned: Discrimination against people with mental illness","author":"Thornicroft G.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thornicroft G. (2006). Shunned: Discrimination against people with mental illness: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1121189X00002621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00298-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","unstructured":"ZDataCloud -Research Data Collection Governance & Quality System. https:\/\/zdatacloud.com"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00207640241263247","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00207640241263247","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00207640241263247","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:55:35Z","timestamp":1777463735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00207640241263247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00207640241263247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00207640241263247","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7640","1741-2854"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7640","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2854","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]}}}