{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:13:47Z","timestamp":1788491627559,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Soc Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forcibly displaced people represent a highly resilient population, but research has predominantly focused on risk factors that render them more vulnerable to mental health difficulties, such as traumatic experiences and post-migration stress. While previous studies have reported potential protective factors such as resilience and religiosity, little is known about their actual impact on risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research examines the interplay between potential protective factors (resilience and religiosity), post-migration stress (post-migration living difficulties and perceived discrimination), potentially traumatizing experiences, and mental health among forcibly displaced people from the Middle East.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forcibly displaced people from the Middle East (Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Iran) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009149) residing in Germany completed a questionnaire including measures of psychological distress (GHQ-12), symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; PDS) and depression (PHQ-9), perceived discrimination (EDS), post-migration living difficulties (PMLD), resilience (CD-RISC), and religiosity (DUREL).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Symptom-specific regression models revealed that individuals who perceived higher discrimination experienced more psychological distress, while those who experienced stronger post-migration living difficulties showed higher symptoms of depression and PTSD. The number of potentially traumatizing events predicted symptoms of PTSD. Resilience was associated with less psychological distress and lower levels of depression and PTSD, but did not moderate the associations of potentially traumatizing experiences, post-migration living difficulties, and perceived discrimination with the mental health outcomes. There was no association between religiosity and mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Past traumatic experiences and present post-displacement context-related stressors constitute risk factors for poorer mental health among forcibly displaced people, with present context-related stressors appearing to have a more decisive impact on mental health difficulties. Resilience exerted a non-specific protective effect, acting as a general buffer against poor mental health but not against the effects of potentially traumatizing experiences, post-migration living difficulties, and perceived discrimination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640251358094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T10:37:35Z","timestamp":1754563055000},"page":"311-324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trauma, post-migration stress, and mental health among forcibly displaced people in Germany: Does resilience have a protective effect?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9855-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freyja","family":"Grupp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Psychologie Des Cognitions (LPC \u2013 UR 4440), Faculty of Psychology, University of Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricarda","family":"Mewes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei-Cristian","family":"Tudorache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Psychologie Des Cognitions (LPC \u2013 UR 4440), Faculty of Psychology, University of Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alemi Q. Stempel C. (2018). Discrimination and distress among Afghan refugees in northern California: The moderating role of pre- and post-migration factors. PLoS One 13(5) e0196822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0196822","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander N. Mathilde S. \u00d8ivind S. (2021). Post-migration stressors and subjective well-being in adult Syrian refugees resettled in Sweden: A gender perspective. Frontiers in Public Health 9 717353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.717353","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.717353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5-TR). American Psychiatric Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnetz J. Rofa Y. Arnetz B. Ventimiglia M. Jamil H. (2013). Resilience as a protective factor against the development of psychopathology among refugees. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 201(3) 167\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182848afe","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182848afe"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e4\u00e4rnhielm S. (2016). Refugees\u2019 mental health\u2014A call for a public health approach with focus on resilience and cultural sensitivity. The European Journal of Public Health 26(3) 375\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw055","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boettcher V. S. Neuner F. (2022). The impact of an insecure asylum status on mental health of adult refugees in Germany. Clinical Psychology in Europe 4(1) e6587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32872\/cpe.6587","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.6587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogic M. Ajdukovic D. Bremner S. Franciskovic T. Galeazzi G. M. Kucukalic A. Lecic-Tosevski D. Morina N. Popovski M. Sch\u00fctzwohl M. Wang D. Priebe S. (2012). Factors associated with mental disorders in long-settled war refugees: Refugees from the former Yugoslavia in Germany Italy and the UK. British Journal of Psychiatry 200(3) 216\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.084764","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.084764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borho A. Viazminsky A. Morawa E. Schmitt G. M. Georgiadou E. Erim Y. (2020). The prevalence and risk factors for mental distress among Syrian refugees in Germany: A register-based follow-up study. BMC Psychiatry 20(1) 362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-020-02746-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02746-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bridi L. Kaki D. A. Albahsahli B. Abu Baker D. Khan X. Aljenabi R. Bencheikh N. Schiaffino M. K. Moore A. A. Al-Rousan T. (2023). The influences of faith on illness representations and coping procedures of mental and cognitive health among aging Arab refugees: A qualitative study. Frontiers in Psychiatry 14 1083367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1083367","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1083367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","unstructured":"Bundesamt fuer Migration und Fluechtlinge. (2024). Aktuelle Zahlen. https:\/\/www.bamf.de\/SharedDocs\/Anlagen\/DE\/Statistik\/AsylinZahlen\/aktuelle-zahlen-september-2024.html?nn=284722"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","unstructured":"Bundesamtes f\u00fcr Migration und Fl\u00fcchtlinge. (2024). Das Bundesamt in Zahlen 2023. https:\/\/www.bamf.de\/SharedDocs\/Anlagen\/DE\/Statistik\/BundesamtinZahlen\/bundesamt-in-zahlen-2023.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byrow Y. Liddell B. O\u2019Donnell M. Mau V. McMahon T. Bryant R. Benson G. Nickerson A. (2022). Profiles of post-migration stressors and mental health in refugees: A latent class analysis. Psychiatry Research 311 114494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carswell K. Blackburn P. Barker C. (2011). The relationship between trauma post-migration problems and the psychological well-being of refugees and asylum seekers. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 57(2) 107\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020764009105699","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764008105699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connor K. M. Davidson J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety 18(2) 76\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.10113","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva Rebelo M. J. Fern\u00e1ndez M. Achotegui J. (2018). Mistrust anger and hostility in refugees asylum seekers and immigrants: A systematic review. Canadian Psychology \/ Psychologie Canadienne 59(3) 239\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cap0000131","DOI":"10.1037\/cap0000131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dadras O. Diaz E. (2023). Perceived discrimination and mental health among Syrian refugees in Norway: A cross sectional study. European Journal of Public Health 33(Suppl_2) ckad160.900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad160.900","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad160.900"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dadras O. Diaz E. (2024). Perceived discrimination and its association with self-rated health chronic pain mental health and utilization of health services among Syrian refugees in Norway: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health 12 1264230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1264230","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1264230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dangmann C. Solberg \u00d8. Myhrene Steffenak A. K. H\u00f8ye S. Andersen P. N. (2021). Syrian refugee youth resettled in Norway: Mechanisms of resilience influencing health-related quality of life and mental distress. Frontiers in Public Health 9 711451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.711451","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.711451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1994.1029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehnel R. Dalky H. Sudarsan S. Al-Delaimy W. K. (2022). Resilience and mental health among Syrian refugee children in Jordan. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 24(2) 420\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-021-01180-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-021-01180-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Khani A. Ulph F. Peters S. Calam R. (2017). Syria: Coping mechanisms utilised by displaced refugee parents caring for their children in pre-resettlement contexts. Intervention 15(1) 34\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WTF.0000000000000136","DOI":"10.1097\/WTF.0000000000000136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Khoury S. J. (2019). Factors that impact the sociocultural adjustment and well-being of Syrian refugees in Stuttgart \u2013 Germany. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling 47(1) 65\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03069885.2018.1520196","DOI":"10.1080\/03069885.2018.1520196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fino E. Mema D. Russo P. M. (2020). War trauma exposed refugees and posttraumatic stress disorder: The moderating role of trait resilience. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 129 109905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2019.109905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2019.109905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foa E. B. Cashman L. Jaycox L. Perry K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment 9(4) 445\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.9.4.445","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.4.445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garbade M. Kappler S. Eglinsky J. Kindler H. Rosner R. Sachser C. Pfeiffer E. (2025). Quality of life in unaccompanied young refugees: The role of traumatic events post-migration stressors and mental distress. BMC Psychiatry 25(1) 544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-025-06975-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06975-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacco D. Laxhman N. Priebe S. (2018). Prevalence of and risk factors for mental disorders in refugees. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 77 144\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.11.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giesebrecht J. Reich H. Weise C. Nater U. M. Mewes R. (2024). Links between ethnic discrimination mental health protective factors and hair cortisol concentrations in asylum seekers living in Germany. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 15(1) 2400835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008066.2024.2400835","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2024.2400835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordano F. Cipolla A. Ragnoli F. Brajda Bruno F. (2019). Transit Migration and Trauma: The Detrimental Effect of Interpersonal Trauma on Syrian Children in Transit in Italy. Psychological Injury and Law 12(1) 76\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12207-019-09345-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s12207-019-09345-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","volume-title":"A user\u2019s guide to the general health questionnaire","author":"Goldberg D. P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Goldberg D. P., Williams P. (1988). A user\u2019s guide to the general health questionnaire. CiNii Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorst-Unsworth C. Goldenberg E. (1998). Psychological sequelae of torture and organised violence suffered by refugees from Iraq: Trauma-related factors compared with social factors in exile. British Journal of Psychiatry 172(1) 90\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.172.1.90","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.172.1.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graef-Calliess I. T. Erdmann L. Mohwinkel V. \u00d6zkan I. Finkelstein D. Loos K. Penteker G. Trilesnik B. (2023). Post-migration living difficulties discrimination and mental health of traumatized refugees in Germany: Data from the refuKey project for timely and need-adapted treatment in a stepped-care setting. International Review of Psychiatry 35(3\u20134) 339\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540261.2022.2164181","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2022.2164181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grupp F. Moro M. R. Nater U. M. Skandrani S. M. Mewes R. (2018). \u201cIt\u2019s that route that makes us sick\u201d: Exploring lay beliefs about causes of post-traumatic stress disorder among Sub-Saharan African asylum seekers in Germany. Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00628","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00628"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grupp F. Moro M. R. Nater U. M. Skandrani S. M. Mewes R. (2019). \u2018Only God can promise healing\u2019: Help-seeking intentions and lay beliefs about cures for post-traumatic stress disorder among Sub-Saharan African asylum seekers in Germany. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10(1) 1684225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2019.1684225","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1684225"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_37_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grupp F. Moro M. R. Skandrani S. Mewes R. (2022). Coping with trauma and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder: exploring intentions and lay beliefs about appropriate strategies among asylum-seeking migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa in Germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031783"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_37_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(3) 1783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19031783","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajak V. L. Sardana S. Verdeli H. Grimm S. (2021). A systematic review of factors affecting mental health and well-being of asylum seekers and refugees in Germany. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 643704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.643704","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.643704"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan N. Mitschke D. B. Ravi K. E. (2018). Exploring the role of faith in resettlement among Muslim Syrian refugees. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought 37(3) 223\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15426432.2018.1461045","DOI":"10.1080\/15426432.2018.1461045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hecker T. Huber S. Maier T. Maercker A. (2018). Differential associations among PTSD and complex PTSD symptoms and traumatic experiences and postmigration difficulties in a culturally diverse refugee sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress 31(6) 795\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22342","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jannesari S. Hatch S. Prina M. Oram S. (2020). Correction to: Post-migration social-environmental factors associated with mental health problems among asylum seekers: A systematic review. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 22(5) 1065\u20131066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-020-01036-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-020-01036-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","volume-title":"Sequentielle Traumatisierung bei Kindern. Untersuchung zum Schicksal j\u00fcdischer Kriegswaisen","author":"Keilson H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Keilson H. (2005). Sequentielle Traumatisierung bei Kindern. Untersuchung zum Schicksal j\u00fcdischer Kriegswaisen. Psychosozial-Verlag."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khailenko O. Bacon A. M. (2024). Resilience avoidant coping and post-traumatic stress symptoms among female Ukrainian refugees and internally displaced people. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 70(6) 1164\u20131174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00207640241264662","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640241264662"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kira I. A. Fawzi M. Shuwiekh H. Lewandowski L. Ashby J. S. Al Ibraheem B. (2021). Do adding attachment oppression cumulative and proliferation trauma dynamics to PTSD Criterion \u201ca\u201d improve its predictive validity: Toward a paradigm shift? Current Psychology 40(6) 2665\u20132679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-019-00206-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00206-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kira I. A. Lewandowski L. Templin T. Ramaswamy V. Ozkan B. Mohanesh J. (2010). The effects of perceived discrimination and backlash on Iraqi refugees\u2019 mental and physical health. Journal of Muslim Mental Health 5(1) 59\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15564901003622110","DOI":"10.1080\/15564901003622110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirmayer L. J. Narasiah L. Munoz M. Rashid M. Ryder A. G. Guzder J. Hassan G. Rousseau C. Pottie K. & For the Canadian Collaboration for Immigrant and Refugee Health (CCIRH). (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: General approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal 183(12) E959\u2013E967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.090292","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090292"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","first-page":"278730","article-title":"Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications","volume":"1","author":"Koenig H. G.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koenig H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. International Scholarly Research Notices, 1, 278730.","journal-title":"International Scholarly Research Notices"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koenig H. G. B\u00fcssing A. (2010). The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): A five-item measure for use in epidemological studies. Religions 1(1) 78\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rel1010078","DOI":"10.3390\/rel1010078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroenke K. Spitzer R. L. Williams J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine 16(9) 606\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurt G. Ilkkursun Z. Javanbakht A. Uygun E. Karaoglan-Kahilogullari A. Acarturk C. (2021). The psychological impacts of COVID-19 related stressors on Syrian refugees in Turkey: The role of resource loss discrimination and social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 85 130\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2021.09.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2021.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence J. A. Kawachi I. White K. Bassett M. T. Priest N. Masunga J. G. Cory H. J. Mita C. Williams D. R. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the Everyday Discrimination Scale and biomarker outcomes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 142 105772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebano A. Hamed S. Bradby H. Gil-Salmer\u00f3n A. Dur\u00e1-Ferrandis E. Garc\u00e9s-Ferrer J. Azzedine F. Riza E. Karnaki P. Zota D. Linos A. (2020). Migrants\u2019 and refugees\u2019 health status and healthcare in Europe: A scoping literature review. BMC Public Health 20(1) 1039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-08749-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08749-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotzin A. Morozova-Larina O. Paetow A. Schratz L. Keller V. Zarubin I. Krupelnytska L. (2025). Resilient coping during the Russian-Ukrainian war: Does it buffer the effects of cumulative trauma on ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms? Comprehensive Psychiatry 140 152592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2025.152592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2025.152592"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarthy S. (2008). Post-Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Occupational Medicine 58(5) 379\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqn062","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqn062"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mewes R. Giesebrecht J. Weise C. Grupp F. (2021). Description of a culture-sensitive low-threshold psychoeducation intervention for asylum seekers (Tea Garden). Clinical Psychology in Europe 3(Special Issue) e4577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32872\/cpe.4577","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.4577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalopoulos L. M. Unick G. J. Haroz E. E. Bass J. Murray L. K. Bolton P. A. (2015). Exploring the fit of Western PTSD models across three non-Western low- and middle-income countries. Traumatology 21(2) 55\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/trm0000020","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mollica R. F. Caspi-Yavin Y. Bollini P. Truong T. Tor S. Lavelle J. (1992). The Harvard trauma questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in indochinese refugees. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 180(2) 111\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-199202000-00008","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199202000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f6ls\u00e4 M. Kuittinen S. Tiilikainen M. Honkasalo M.-L. Punam\u00e4ki R.-L. (2017). Mental health among older refugees: The role of trauma discrimination and religiousness. Aging & Mental Health 21(8) 829\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2016.1165183","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2016.1165183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2013-1255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan G. Melluish S. Welham A. (2017). Exploring the relationship between postmigratory stressors and mental health for asylum seekers and refused asylum seekers in the UK. Transcultural Psychiatry 54(5\u20136) 653\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363461517737188","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461517737188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naja W. J. Aoun M. P. El Khoury E. L. Abdallah F. J. B. Haddad R. S. (2016). Prevalence of depression in Syrian refugees and the influence of religiosity. Comprehensive Psychiatry 68 78\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.04.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","volume-title":"Applied linear statistical models","author":"Neter J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Neter J., Kutner M. H., Nachtsheim C. J., Wasserman W. (1996). Applied linear statistical models. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuner F. (2023). Physical and social trauma: Towards an integrative transdiagnostic perspective on psychological trauma that involves threats to status and belonging. Clinical Psychology Review 99 102219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfeiffer E. Behrendt M. Adeyinka S. Devlieger I. Rota M. Uzureau O. Verhaeghe F. Lietaert I. Derluyn I. (2022). Traumatic events daily stressors and posttraumatic stress in unaccompanied young refugees during their flight: A longitudinal cross-country study. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 16(1) 1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-022-00461-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00461-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter M. Haslam N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 294(5) 602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.294.5.602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.5.602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayes D. Karnouk C. Churbaji D. Walther L. Bajbouj M. (2021). Faith-based coping among Arabic-speaking refugees seeking mental health services in Berlin Germany: An exploratory qualitative study. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 595979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.595979","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.595979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutter M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 57(3) 316\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","volume-title":"PTSD and the building block effect of psychological trauma among West Nile Africans","author":"Schauer M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schauer M., Neuner F., Karunakara U., Klaschik C., Robert C., Elbert T. (2003). PTSD and the building block effect of psychological trauma among West Nile Africans. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwalm F. D. Zandavalli R. B. De Castro Filho E. D. Lucchetti G. (2022). Is there a relationship between spirituality\/religiosity and resilience? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Health Psychology 27(5) 1218\u20131232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105320984537","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105320984537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09984.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silove D. Ventevogel P. Rees S. (2017). The contemporary refugee crisis: An overview of mental health challenges. World Psychiatry 16(2) 130\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20438","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20438"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siriwardhana C. Ali S. S. Roberts B. Stewart R. (2014). A systematic review of resilience and mental health outcomes of conflict-driven adult forced migrants. Conflict and Health 8(1) 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1752-1505-8-13","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1505-8-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skalisky J. Wanner S. Howe B. Mauseth K. (2022). Religious coping resilience and involuntary displacement: A mixed-methods analysis of the experience of Syrian and Palestinian refugees in Jordan. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 14(4) 539\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/rel0000390","DOI":"10.1037\/rel0000390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sleijpen M. Boeije H. R. Kleber R. J. Mooren T. (2016). Between power and powerlessness: A meta-ethnography of sources of resilience in young refugees. Ethnicity & Health 21(2) 158\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13557858.2015.1044946","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2015.1044946"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sleijpen M. Van Der Aa N. Mooren T. Laban C. J. Kleber R. J. (2019). The moderating role of individual resilience in refugee and Dutch adolescents after trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy 11(7) 732\u2013742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000450","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southwick S. M. Bonanno G. A. Masten A. S. Panter-Brick C. Yehuda R. (2014). Resilience definitions theory and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 5(1) 25338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/ejpt.v5.25338","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.25338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ssenyonga J. Owens V. Olema D. K. (2013). Posttraumatic growth resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among refugees. Procedia\u2014Social and Behavioral Sciences 82 144\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.06.238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.06.238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steel Z. Chey T. Silove D. Marnane C. Bryant R. A. Van Ommeren M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 302(5) 537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2009.1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steel Z. Silove D. Bird K. McGorry P. Mohan P. (1999). Pathways from war trauma to posttraumatic stress symptoms among Tamil asylum seekers refugees and immigrants. Journal of Traumatic Stress 12(3) 421\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1024710902534","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024710902534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470713570.ch12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"The social identity theory of intergroup behavior","volume":"4","author":"Tajfel H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tajfel H., Turner J. C. (2003). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Social Psychology, 4, 73\u201398.","journal-title":"Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_1","unstructured":"The jamovi project. (2024). Jamovi (Version 2.5) [Computer Software]. https:\/\/www.jamovi.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2059799117741406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_1","unstructured":"United Nations Refugee Agency. (2024). Figures at a glance. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/about-unhcr\/who-we-are\/figures-glance"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viazminsky A. Borho A. Morawa E. Schmitt G. M. Erim Y. (2022). Perceived discrimination among Syrian refugees in Germany and its associations with mental health. Global Public Health 17(11) 2854\u20132867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441692.2022.2026449","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2022.2026449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vos S. R. Salas-Wright C. P. Espinosa G. Scaramutti C. Lee T. K. Duque M. Schwartz S. J. (2023). Perceived discrimination and posttraumatic stress disorder among Venezuelan migrants in Colombia and the United States: The moderating effect of gender. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy 15(7) 1076\u20131084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001263","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001263"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuk\u010devi\u0107 Markovi\u0107 M. Bobi\u0107 A. \u017divanovi\u0107 M. (2023). The effects of traumatic experiences during transit and pushback on the mental health of refugees asylum seekers and migrants. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 14(1) 2163064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008066.2022.2163064","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2022.2163064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walther L. Amann J. Flick U. Ta T. M. T. Bajbouj M. Hahn E. (2021). A qualitative study on resilience in adult refugees in Germany. BMC Public Health 21(1) 828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10817-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10817-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weise C. Grupp F. Reese J.-P. Schade-Brittinger C. Ehring T. Morina N. Stangier U. Steil R. Johow J. Mewes R. (2021). Efficacy of a low-threshold culturally-sensitive group psychoeducation programme for asylum seekers (LoPe): Study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 11(10) e047385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047385","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams D. R. Yan Yu Jackson J. S. Anderson N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology 2(3) 335\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/135910539700200305","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2022). ICD-11: International classification of diseases (11th revision). https:\/\/icd.who.int\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yehuda R. Flory J. D. (2007). Differentiating biological correlates of risk PTSD and resilience following trauma exposure. Journal of Traumatic Stress 20(4) 435\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.20260","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315276168-33"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziaian T. De Anstiss H. Antoniou G. Baghurst P. Sawyer M. (2012). Resilience and its association with depression emotional and behavioural problems and mental health service utilisation among refugee adolescents living in South Australia. International Journal of Population Research 1 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/485956","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/485956"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziersch A. Due C. Walsh M. (2020). Discrimination: A health hazard for people from refugee and asylum-seeking backgrounds resettled in Australia. BMC Public Health 20(1) 108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-8068-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-8068-3"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00207640251358094","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00207640251358094","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00207640251358094","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:54:49Z","timestamp":1777463689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00207640251358094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00207640251358094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00207640251358094","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7640","1741-2854"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7640","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2854","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]}}}