{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:48:09Z","timestamp":1790246889359,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian embryos, which have been studied scientifically since Aristotle, continue to persevere as invaluable research tools, especially for our understanding of the development and evolution of the craniofacial skeleton. Whether the topic is beak shape in Darwin\u2019s finches or signaling interactions that underlie bone and tooth formation, birds offer advantages for craniofacial biology that uniquely complement the strengths of other vertebrate model systems, such as fish, frogs, and mice. Several papers published during the past few years have helped pinpoint molecular and cellular mechanisms that pattern the face and jaws through experiments that could only have been done together with our feathered friends. Ultimately, such knowledge will be essential for devising novel clinical approaches to treat and\/or prevent diseases, injuries, and birth defects that affect the human craniofacial skeleton. Here we review recent insights plucked from avians on key developmental processes that generate craniofacial diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034508327757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"12-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["The Cells that Fill the Bill: Neural Crest and the Evolution of                Craniofacial Development"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"A.H.","family":"Jheon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 533\r               Parnassus Avenue, U-453, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.A.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 533\r               Parnassus Avenue, U-453, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-ABZHANOV-AND-TABIN-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.05.028"},{"key":"bibr-ABZHANOV-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00673"},{"key":"bibr-ABZHANOV-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1098095"},{"key":"bibr-ABZHANOV-ETAL-2006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04843"},{"key":"bibr-ABZHANOV-ETAL-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.002709"},{"key":"bibr-ANDRES-1949","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01487210"},{"key":"bibr-ASHIQUE-ETAL-2002A","unstructured":"Ashique AM, Fu K, Richman JM (2002a).\n               Signalling via type IA and type IB bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPR)\n               regulates intramembranous bone formation, chondrogenesis and feather formation in the\n               chicken embryo. Int J Dev Biol 46:243\u2013253."},{"key":"bibr-ASHIQUE-ETAL-2002B","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.19.4647"},{"key":"bibr-BAKER-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.16.3077"},{"key":"bibr-BAKER-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.1.147"},{"key":"bibr-BORUE-AND-NODEN-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01276"},{"key":"bibr-BOWMAN-1961","unstructured":"Bowman RI (1961). Morphological\n               differentiation and adaptation in the Galapagos finches. 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Calvarial versus iliac crest for autologous bone graft\n               material for a sinus lift procedure: a histomorphometric study. Int J Oral\n                  Maxillofac Implants 22:527\u2013532."},{"key":"bibr-CRETEKOS-ETAL-2008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1620408"},{"key":"bibr-DHOUAILLY-1967","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhouailly D (1967). [Analysis of the factors\n               in the specific differenciation of the neoptile feathers in the duck and chicken].\n                  J Embryol Exp Morphol 18:389\u2013400.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.18.3.389"},{"key":"bibr-DHOUAILLY-1970","unstructured":"Dhouailly D (1970). [Specific feather\n               potentialities of the embryonic tegument of the chicken and duck]. Annee\n                  Biol 9:587."},{"key":"bibr-DIXON-ETAL-2006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603730103"},{"key":"bibr-EAMES-AND-SCHNEIDER-2005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01719"},{"key":"bibr-EAMES-AND-SCHNEIDER-2008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.023309"},{"key":"bibr-ESPINA-ETAL-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.7.5.647"},{"key":"bibr-FONTAINE-PERUS-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.16.3025"},{"key":"bibr-FOPPIANO-ETAL-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.09.016"},{"key":"bibr-FRANCIS-WEST-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1002010207"},{"key":"bibr-FRANCIS-WEST-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(98)00082-3"},{"key":"bibr-GANS-AND-NORTHCUTT-1983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4594.268"},{"key":"bibr-GARG-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0283"},{"key":"bibr-GORLIN-ETAL-1990","unstructured":"Gorlin RJ, Cohen MMJ, Levin LS (1990).\n               Syndromes of the head and neck. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"bibr-GRAHAM-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.10442"},{"key":"bibr-HALL-2005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall BK (2005). Bones and cartilage:\n               developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology. London: Elsevier Academic\n               Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-319060-4.50065-8"},{"key":"bibr-HAMBURGER-AND-HAMILTON-1951","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050880104"},{"key":"bibr-HAMPE-1957","unstructured":"Hampe A (1957). [Role of mesoderm and\n               ectoderm of leg bud in exchanges between duck and chicken.]. C R Hebd Seances\n                  Acad Sci 244:3179\u20133181."},{"key":"bibr-HELMS-AND-SCHNEIDER-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01656"},{"key":"bibr-HELMS-ETAL-2005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01705"},{"key":"bibr-HU-AND-HELMS-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.21.4873"},{"key":"bibr-HU-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00397"},{"key":"bibr-HUGHES-2004","unstructured":"Hughes SH (2004). The RCAS vector system.\n                  Folia Biol\n                      (Praha)\n                      50:107\u2013119."},{"key":"bibr-INTERNATIONAL-CHICKEN-GENOME-SEQUENCING-CONSORTIUM-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03154"},{"key":"bibr-ITASAKI-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/70231"},{"key":"bibr-JONES-ETAL-2008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1725"},{"key":"bibr-KEMBER-1971","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kember OD (1971). Aristotle and the chick\n               embryo. The Classical Quarterly 21:393\u2013396.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0009838800033528"},{"key":"bibr-KONTGES-AND-LUMSDEN-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.10.3229"},{"key":"bibr-KOS-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.10254"},{"key":"bibr-KRULL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.10473"},{"key":"bibr-LE-DOUARIN-1973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(73)90061-4"},{"key":"bibr-LE-DOUARIN-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2004.06.003"},{"key":"bibr-LE-DOUARIN-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01350"},{"key":"bibr-LE-LIEVRE-AND-LE-DOUARIN-1975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Lievre CS, Le Douarin NM (1975).\n               Mesenchymal derivatives of the neural crest: analysis of chimaeric quail and chick\n               embryos. J Embryol Exp Morphol 34:125\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.34.1.125"},{"key":"bibr-LEE-ETAL-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0097"},{"key":"bibr-LEMUS-1995","unstructured":"Lemus D (1995). Contributions of\n               heterospecific tissue recombinations to odontogenesis. Int J Dev\n                  Biol 39:291\u2013297."},{"key":"bibr-LUMSDEN-1988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103.Supplement.155"},{"key":"bibr-LWIGALE-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0450"},{"key":"bibr-LWIGALE-AND-SCHNEIDER-2008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lwigale PY, Schneider RA (2008). Other\n               chimeras: quail-duck and mouse-chick. In: Methods in avian embryology. Vol. 87.\n                  2\n                      nd\n                      ed. Bronner-Fraser M, editor. San Diego: Academic Press, pp.\n               59\u201374.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(08)00203-3"},{"key":"bibr-MARCUCIO-ETAL-2005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.04.030"},{"key":"bibr-MCGONNELL-AND-GRAHAM-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00818-7"},{"key":"bibr-MCGREW-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400171"},{"key":"bibr-MERRILL-ETAL-2008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.015933"},{"key":"bibr-MINA-AND-KOLLAR-1987","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(87)90055-0"},{"key":"bibr-MITSIADIS-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1137104100"},{"key":"bibr-MITSIADIS-ETAL-2006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitsiadis TA, Caton J, Cobourne M (2006).\n               Waking-up the sleeping beauty: recovery of the ancestral bird odontogenic program.\n                  J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 306:227\u2013233.","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21094"},{"key":"bibr-MOTOHASHI-ETAL-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006-0323"},{"key":"bibr-MUCCHIELLI-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1997.8672"},{"key":"bibr-NAKAMURA-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2004.05.013"},{"key":"bibr-NODEN-1978","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(78)90201-4"},{"key":"bibr-NODEN-1983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(83)90318-4"},{"key":"bibr-NODEN-1986","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(86)90138-7"},{"key":"bibr-NODEN-AND-SCHNEIDER-2006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noden DM, Schneider RA (2006). Neural crest\n               cells and the community of plan for craniofacial development: historical debates and\n               current perspectives. In: Neural crest induction and differentiation. Saint-Jeannet\n               J, editor. Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience, pp. 1\u201323.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46954-6_1"},{"key":"bibr-NODEN-AND-TRAINOR-2005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00473.x"},{"key":"bibr-NORTHCUTT-2005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Northcutt RG (2005). The new head hypothesis\n               revisited. J Exp Zool B: Mol Dev Evol 304:274\u2013297.","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21063"},{"key":"bibr-ORAHILLY-AND-MULLER-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2007.00773.x"},{"key":"bibr-OLIVERA-MARTINEZ-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.21.4611"},{"key":"bibr-PAULSSON-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10409239209082560"},{"key":"bibr-PAUTOU-1968","unstructured":"Pautou MP (1968). [Determining role of the\n               mesoderm in the specific differentiation of the leg in birds]. Arch Anat\n                  Microsc Morphol Exp 57:311\u2013328."},{"key":"bibr-PENNISI-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.305.5689.1383"},{"key":"bibr-PETERS-AND-BALLING-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01662-X"},{"key":"bibr-RAO-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20161"},{"key":"bibr-RICHMAN-AND-LEE-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.10288"},{"key":"bibr-RICHMAN-AND-TICKLE-1989","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(89)90142-5"},{"key":"bibr-SANG-2006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0806-955"},{"key":"bibr-SCHIENDA-ETAL-2006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510164103"},{"key":"bibr-SCHNEIDER-2005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00471.x"},{"key":"bibr-SCHNEIDER-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20517"},{"key":"bibr-SCHNEIDER-AND-HELMS-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077827"},{"key":"bibr-SCHNEIDER-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410051271"},{"key":"bibr-SCHNEIDER-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.14.2755"},{"key":"bibr-SEARS-ETAL-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2007.00196.x"},{"key":"bibr-SELLECK-AND-BRONNER-FRASER-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.2.525"},{"key":"bibr-SHIGETANI-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9932"},{"key":"bibr-SOHAL-1976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90004-4"},{"key":"bibr-SOHAL-ETAL-1985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902390209"},{"key":"bibr-SOHAL-ETAL-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-5748(90)90019-X"},{"key":"bibr-STARCK-AND-RICKLEFS-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starck JM, Ricklefs RE, editors (1998). Avian\n               growth and development: evolution within the altricial-precocial spectrum. New York,\n               NY: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195106084.003.0001"},{"key":"bibr-STERN-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00544.x"},{"key":"bibr-THESLEFF-AND-SHARPE-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(97)00115-9"},{"key":"bibr-TUCKER-AND-LUMSDEN-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2004.04004.x"},{"key":"bibr-VAN-DE-LAVOIR-ETAL-2006A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04831"},{"key":"bibr-VAN-DE-LAVOIR-ETAL-2006B","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2005.10.002"},{"key":"bibr-VITELLI-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.8.915"},{"key":"bibr-WADDINGTON-1930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waddington CH (1930). Developmental mechanics\n               of chick and duck embryos. 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