{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T12:38:35Z","timestamp":1777811915440,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Transglutaminase-2 (TGM-2) stabilizes extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by cross-linking and has been implicated in several fibrotic disorders. Arecoline present in betel quid has been proposed as one of the causative factors for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Hence, we hypothesize that arecoline may regulate TGM-2 and may have a role in the pathogenesis of OSMF. The expression of TGM-2 was studied in OSMF tissues by real-time RT-PCR analysis, and significant overexpression was observed in most OSMF tissues (P = 0.0112) compared with normal tissues. Arecoline induced TGM-2 mRNA and protein expression as well as TGM-2 activity in human gingival fibroblast cells. The addition of methocramine hemihydrate (M-2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor selective antagonist) or 8\u2032-bromo-cAMP abolished arecoline-mediated TGM-2 induction, suggesting a role for M-2 muscarinic acid receptor and a repressor role for cAMP. Our study provides evidence for TGM-2 overexpression in OSMF and its regulation by arecoline in oral fibroblasts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034508329633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,5]],"date-time":"2009-03-05T22:26:21Z","timestamp":1236291981000},"page":"170-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Transglutaminase-2 Regulation by Arecoline in Gingival Fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"G.S.","family":"Thangjam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India;"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, C.S.M. Medical University, Lucknow -226003, India;"},{"name":"Tissue and Cell Culture Unit, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India; and"},{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, R.V. Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore - 560078, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India;"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, C.S.M. Medical University, Lucknow -226003, India;"},{"name":"Tissue and Cell Culture Unit, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India; and"},{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, R.V. Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore - 560078, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India;"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, C.S.M. Medical University, Lucknow -226003, India;"},{"name":"Tissue and Cell Culture Unit, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India; and"},{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, R.V. Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore - 560078, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U.P.","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India;"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, C.S.M. Medical University, Lucknow -226003, India;"},{"name":"Tissue and Cell Culture Unit, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India; and"},{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, R.V. Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore - 560078, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.K.","family":"Balapure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India;"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, C.S.M. Medical University, Lucknow -226003, India;"},{"name":"Tissue and Cell Culture Unit, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India; and"},{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, R.V. Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore - 560078, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.G.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India;"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, C.S.M. Medical University, Lucknow -226003, India;"},{"name":"Tissue and Cell Culture Unit, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India; and"},{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, R.V. Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore - 560078, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Kondaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India;"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, C.S.M. Medical University, Lucknow -226003, India;"},{"name":"Tissue and Cell Culture Unit, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India; and"},{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, R.V. Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore - 560078, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BOWNESS-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(94)90099-X"},{"key":"BROOKER-ETAL-1979","unstructured":"Brooker G, Harper JF, Terasaki WL, Moylan RD -1979- Radioimmunoassay of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res 10:1\u201333."},{"key":"CHANG-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(01)00045-8"},{"key":"CHU-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02256596"},{"key":"FELDER-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.8.7768353"},{"key":"FOISSIER-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foissier L, Lonchampt M, Coge F, Canet E -1996- In vitro down-regulation of antigen-induced IL-5 gene expression and protein production by cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 278:1484\u20131490.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)20803-5"},{"key":"FOLK-AND-COLE-1966","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6593(66)90066-X"},{"key":"GENESTRA-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2007.04.009"},{"key":"GHELARDINI-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-827X(01)01091-6"},{"key":"GRIFFIN-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20021234"},{"key":"HARVEY-ETAL-1986","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(86)90112-3"},{"key":"JENG-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(99)00050-2"},{"key":"JOHNSON-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V10102146"},{"key":"MIRZA-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirza A, Liu SL, Frizell E, Zhu J, Maddukuri S, Martinez J,\n                      et al.\n                      -1997- A role for tissue transglutaminase in hepatic injury and fibrogenesis, and its regulation by NF-kappaB. Am J Physiol 272-2 Pt 1-G281\u2013G288.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1997.272.2.G281"},{"key":"NDOYE-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00299.x"},{"key":"NIGAM-ETAL-2008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.11.028"},{"key":"OAKLEY-ETAL-2005","unstructured":"Oakley E, Demaine L, Warnakulasuriya S -2005- Areca -betel- nut chewing habit among high-school children in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands -Micronesia- Bull World Health Organ 83:656\u2013660."},{"key":"SHIEH-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(03)00101-5"},{"key":"SHIMURA-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.4.5048"},{"key":"TILAKARATNE-ETAL-2006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2005.08.005"},{"key":"VANDERHEYDEN-ETAL-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(90)90099-9"},{"key":"XIE-ETAL-2004","unstructured":"Xie DP, Chen LB, Liu CY, Zhang CL, Liu KJ, Wang PS -2004- Arecoline excites the colonic smooth muscle motility via M3 receptor in rabbits. Chin J Physiol 47:89\u201394."},{"key":"YANG-ETAL-2000","unstructured":"Yang YR, Chang KC, Chen CL, Chiu TH -2000- Arecoline excites rat locus coeruleus neurons by activating the M2-muscarinic receptor. Chin J Physiol 43:23\u201328."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022034508329633","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0022034508329633","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022034508329633","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:04:49Z","timestamp":1777496689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022034508329633"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022034508329633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034508329633","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0345","1544-0591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0345","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-0591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}}}