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Streptococcus gordonii (Sg) \/S. oralis (So) \/S. sanguinis (Ss) and Sg\/ Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) \/Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) biofilms elicited significantly elevated levels of IL-1\u03b1 and showed synergistic stimulatory activity compared with an additive effect of the 3 individual bacteria. Only the Sg\/ Actinomyces naeslundii (An)\/Fn multispecies biofilms elicited IL-6 levels above those of control. IL-8 was a primary response to the Sg\/An\/Fn biofilms, albeit the level was not enhanced compared with a predicted composite level from the monospecies challenges. 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