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In the present study, we validate the use of a bioengineered three-dimensional (3D) dense collagen hydrogel scaffold as a cell-culture model to explore these questions. Dental pulp progenitor\/stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) were seeded into an extracellular matrix-like collagen gel whose fibrillar density was increased through plastic compression. SHED viability, morphology, and metabolic activity, as well as scaffold mineralization, were investigated over 24 days in culture. Additionally, measurements of alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity, together with immunoblotting for mineralized tissue cell markers ALPL (tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase), DMP1 (dentin matrix protein 1), and OPN (osteopontin), demonstrated osteo\/odontogenic cell differentiation in the dense collagen scaffolds coincident with mineralization. Analyses of the mineral phase by electron microscopy, including electron diffraction and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, combined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and biochemical analyses, were consistent with the formation of apatitic mineral that was frequently aligned along collagen fibrils. In conclusion, use of a 3D dense collagen scaffold promoted SHED osteo\/odontogenic cell differentiation and mineralization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513488599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T22:00:58Z","timestamp":1367445658000},"page":"648-654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Mineralization of Dense Collagen Hydrogel Scaffolds by Human Pulp Cells"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"B.R.","family":"Coyac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"EA 2496, Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies of the Tooth, Faculty of Dentistry, University Paris Descartes PRES Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Montrouge, France"},{"name":"AP-HP Odontology Department, Bretonneau H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires PNVS and Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Maladies Rares du M\u00e9tabolisme du Calcium et du Phosphore, AP-HP, Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Chicatun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Hoac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Nelea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Chaussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 2496, Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies of the Tooth, Faculty of Dentistry, University Paris Descartes PRES Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Montrouge, France"},{"name":"AP-HP Odontology Department, Bretonneau H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires PNVS and Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Maladies Rares du M\u00e9tabolisme du Calcium et du Phosphore, AP-HP, Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.N.","family":"Nazhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.D.","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b609784g"},{"key":"bibr2-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1766"},{"key":"bibr3-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm701112w"},{"key":"bibr4-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-001-1121-z"},{"key":"bibr5-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200500042"},{"key":"bibr6-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.03.028"},{"key":"bibr7-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm200528z"},{"key":"bibr8-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M604732200"},{"key":"bibr9-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.10.12"},{"key":"bibr10-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-004-1288-1"},{"key":"bibr11-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201100127"},{"key":"bibr12-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.240309797"},{"key":"bibr13-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509340867"},{"key":"bibr14-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la100401r"},{"key":"bibr15-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.12.2161"},{"key":"bibr16-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400705"},{"key":"bibr17-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2011.0327"},{"key":"bibr18-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2011.0642"},{"key":"bibr19-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650010507"},{"key":"bibr20-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.02.028"},{"key":"bibr21-0022034513488599","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKee MD, Murshed M, Kaartinen MT (2012). 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