{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:06:28Z","timestamp":1793156788086,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]],"date-time":"2013-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many infectious diseases in humans are caused or exacerbated by biofilms. Dental caries is a prime example of a biofilm-dependent disease, resulting from interactions of microorganisms, host factors, and diet (sugars), which modulate the dynamic formation of biofilms on tooth surfaces. All biofilms have a microbial-derived extracellular matrix as an essential constituent. The exopolysaccharides formed through interactions between sucrose- (and starch-) and Streptococcus mutans-derived exoenzymes present in the pellicle and on microbial surfaces (including non-mutans) provide binding sites for cariogenic and other organisms. The polymers formed in situ enmesh the microorganisms while forming a matrix facilitating the assembly of three-dimensional (3D) multicellular structures that encompass a series of microenvironments and are firmly attached to teeth. The metabolic activity of microbes embedded in this exopolysaccharide-rich and diffusion-limiting matrix leads to acidification of the milieu and, eventually, acid-dissolution of enamel. Here, we discuss recent advances concerning spatio-temporal development of the exopolysaccharide matrix and its essential role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. We focus on how the matrix serves as a 3D scaffold for biofilm assembly while creating spatial heterogeneities and low-pH microenvironments\/niches. Further understanding on how the matrix modulates microbial activity and virulence expression could lead to new approaches to control cariogenic biofilms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513504218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,18]],"date-time":"2013-09-18T01:01:14Z","timestamp":1379466074000},"page":"1065-1073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":498,"title":["The Exopolysaccharide Matrix"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Koo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA"},{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 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