{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T12:38:03Z","timestamp":1777811883046,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]],"date-time":"2014-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Controversy persists concerning the impact of community water fluoridation on bone health in adults, and few studies have assessed relationships with bone at younger ages. Ecological studies of fluoride\u2019s effects showed some increase in bone mineral density of adolescents and young adults in areas with fluoridated water compared with non-fluoridated areas. However, none had individual fluoride exposure measures. To avoid ecological fallacy and reduce bias, we assessed associations of average daily fluoride intake from birth to age 15 yr for Iowa Bone Development Study cohort members with age 15 yr dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone outcomes (whole body, lumbar spine, and hip), controlling for known determinants (including daily calcium intake, average daily time spent in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity, and physical maturity). Mean (SD) daily fluoride intake was 0.66 mg (0.24) for females and 0.78 mg (0.30) for males. We found no significant relationships between daily fluoride intake and adolescents\u2019 bone measures in adjusted models (for 183 females, all p values \u2265 .10 and all partial R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2264 0.02; for 175 males, all p values \u2265 .34 and all partial R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2264 0.01). The findings suggest that fluoride exposures at the typical levels for most US adolescents in fluoridated areas do not have significant effects on bone mineral measures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514520708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]],"date-time":"2014-01-28T00:47:12Z","timestamp":1390870032000},"page":"353-359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Effects of Life-long Fluoride Intake on Bone Measures of Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"S.M.","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.J.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Phipps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Research Consultant, Morro Bay, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Letuchy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Broffitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Eichenberger-Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.L.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Kavand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.F.","family":"Janz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa College of Liberal Arts, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.C.","family":"Torner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.A.","family":"Pauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1212067"},{"key":"bibr2-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403912"},{"key":"bibr3-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb00095.x"},{"key":"bibr4-0022034514520708","unstructured":"CDC (2013). 2012 Water Fluoridation Statistics: Division of Oral Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. URL accessed on 1\/2\/14 at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/fluoridation\/statistics\/2012stats.htm."},{"key":"bibr5-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510376070"},{"key":"bibr6-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2001.tb00561.x"},{"key":"bibr7-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650091006"},{"key":"bibr8-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210600903010048"},{"key":"bibr9-0022034514520708","first-page":"63","volume":"13","author":"Hillier S","year":"1996","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"key":"bibr10-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)07161-5"},{"key":"bibr11-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(92)90006-C"},{"key":"bibr12-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.047779"},{"key":"bibr13-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(96)00006-3"},{"key":"bibr14-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ef3b0a"},{"key":"bibr15-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2001.tb03369.x"},{"key":"bibr16-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2003.tb03502.x"},{"key":"bibr17-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2009.00478.x"},{"key":"bibr18-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2007.12.002"},{"key":"bibr19-0022034514520708","first-page":"689","volume":"34","author":"Mirwald RL","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"bibr20-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2008.41.3.147"},{"key":"bibr21-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7265.860"},{"key":"bibr22-0022034514520708","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(94)90815-X"},{"key":"bibr23-0022034514520708","unstructured":"Standing Committee on the Scienti\ufb01c Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (1997). 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