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Some of the ciliopathies display skeletal dysplasias, implying the important role of primary cilia in skeletal development and homeostasis. Emerging evidence has shown that loss or malfunction of primary cilia or ciliary proteins in bone and cartilage is associated with developmental and function defects. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for cilia formation and\/or function. In this review, we discuss the role of primary cilia and IFT proteins in the development of bone and cartilage, as well as the differentiation and mechanotransduction of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. We also include the role of primary cilia in tooth development and highlight the current advance of primary cilia and IFT proteins in the pathogenesis of cartilage diseases, including osteoarthritis, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516652383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]],"date-time":"2016-06-02T00:42:34Z","timestamp":1464828154000},"page":"1341-1349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Primary Cilia and Intraflagellar Transport Proteins in Bone and Cartilage"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"X.","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA"},{"name":"Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022034516652383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.12.003"},{"key":"bibr2-0022034516652383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodle JC, Rubenstein CD, Phillips ME, Bernacki SH, Qi J, Banes AJ, Loboa EG. 2013. 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