{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:39:43Z","timestamp":1790739583933,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,3]],"date-time":"2017-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Radiation treatment often leads to irreversible damage to normal salivary glands (SGs) because of their proximity to head and neck cancers. Optimization of the in vitro model of irradiation (IR)\u2013induced SG damage is warranted to investigate pathophysiology and monitor treatment outcome. Here, we present an organotypic spheroid culture model to investigate the impact of IR on SGs and the mechanisms underlying IR-induced structural and functional changes. Human parotid epithelial cells were obtained from human parotid glands and plated on either plastic plates or Matrigel. A number of 3-dimensional (3D) spheroids were assembled on Matrigel. After IR at 10 and 20 Gy, morphologic changes in cells in 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids were observed. As the structural integrity of the 3D spheroids was destroyed by IR, the expression levels of salivary epithelial and structural proteins and genes decreased proportionally with radiation dosage. Furthermore, the spheroid culture allowed better measurement of functional alterations following IR relative to the monolayer culture, in which IR-inflicted spheroids exhibited a loss of acinar-specific cellular functions that enable Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    influx or secretion of \u03b1-amylase in response to cholinergic or \u03b2-adrenergic agonists. p53-mediated apoptotic cell death was observed under both culture conditions, and its downstream signals increased, such as p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), Bax, cytochrome c, caspase 9, and caspase 3. These results suggest that the organotypic spheroid culture could provide a useful alternative model for exploration of radiobiology and mode of action of new therapies for prevention of radiation-induced salivary hypofunction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516685036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]],"date-time":"2017-03-20T09:48:04Z","timestamp":1490003284000},"page":"396-405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Organotypic Spheroid Culture to Mimic Radiation-Induced Salivary Hypofunction"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"H.S.","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Translational Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.Y","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Translational Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.S.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Translational Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.Y.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Translational Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of 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