{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:51:13Z","timestamp":1792687873132,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]],"date-time":"2018-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006586","name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\u00b0 14-AOI-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00b0 14-AOI-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), in addition to its transforming properties, contributes to the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated its involvement in oral lichen planus (OLP), a common autoimmune-like disease of unknown etiopathogenesis that can display a malignant potential. EBV-infected cells (EBV+ cells) were sought in a large series of clinically representative OLPs ( n = 99) through in situ hybridization to detect small noncoding EBV-encoded RNAs. Overall, our results demonstrated that EBV was commonly found in OLP (74%), with significantly higher frequency (83%) in the erosive form than in the reticular\/keratinized type mild form (58%). Strikingly, many erosive OLPs were massively infiltrated by large numbers of EBV+ cells, which could represent a large part of the inflammatory infiltrate. Moreover, the number of EBV+ cells in each OLP section significantly correlated with local inflammatory parameters (OLP activity, infiltrate depth, infiltrate density), suggesting a direct relationship between EBV infection and inflammatory status. Finally, we characterized the nature of the infiltrated EBV+ cells by performing detailed immunohistochemistry profiles ( n = 21). Surprisingly, nearly all EBV+ cells detected in OLP lesions were CD138+ plasma cells (PCs) and more rarely CD20+ B cells. The presence of EBV+ PCs in erosive OLP was associated with profound changes in cytokine expression profile; notably, the expression of key inflammatory factors, such as IL1-\u03b2 and IL8, were specifically increased in OLP heavily infiltrated with EBV+ PCs. Moreover, electron microscopy\u2013based experiments showed that EBV+ PCs actively produced EBV viral particles, suggesting possible amplification of EBV infection within the lesion. Our study thus brings conclusive evidence showing that OLP is commonly infiltrated with EBV+ PCs, adding a further puzzling element to OLP pathogenesis, given that PCs are now considered to be major regulatory immune cells involved in several autoimmune diseases (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02276573).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518788282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]],"date-time":"2018-07-13T16:16:51Z","timestamp":1531498611000},"page":"1494-1500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Epstein-Barr Virus\u2013Infected Plasma Cells Infiltrate Erosive Oral Lichen Planus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Raybaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS, UFR Odontologie, Nice, France"},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, P\u00f4le Odontologie, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.V.","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS, UFR Odontologie, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Lupi-Pegurier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS, UFR Odontologie, Nice, France"},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, P\u00f4le Odontologie, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Pagnotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliqu\u00e9e, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Marsault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS, UFR Odontologie, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Cardot-Leccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pathology, Pasteur Hospital, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Doglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS, UFR Odontologie, Nice, France"},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Unit\u00e9 de Th\u00e9rapie Cellulaire et G\u00e9nique, Nice, 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