{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:23:31Z","timestamp":1792668211551,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011781","name":"Shriners Hospitals for Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#85900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#85900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD091263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD091263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE027046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE027046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cleft palate is a common major birth defect resulting from disruption of palatal shelf growth, elevation, or fusion during fetal palatogenesis. Whereas the molecular mechanism controlling palatal shelf elevation is not well understood, a prevailing hypothesis is that region-specific accumulation of hyaluronan, a predominant extracellular glycosaminoglycan in developing palatal mesenchyme, plays a major role in palatal shelf elevation. However, direct genetic evidence for a requirement of hyaluronan in palate development is still lacking. In this study, we show that Has2, 1 of 3 hyaluronan synthases in mammals, plays a major role in hyaluronan synthesis in the neural crest\u2013derived craniofacial mesenchyme during palatogenesis in mice. We analyzed developmental defects caused by tissue-specific inactivation of Has2 throughout the cranial neural crest lineage or specifically in developing palatal or mandibular mesenchyme, respectively, using Wnt1-Cre, Osr2-Cre, and Hand2-Cre transgenic mice. Inactivation of Has2 either throughout the neural crest lineage or specifically in the developing palatal mesenchyme caused reduced palatal shelf size and increased palatal mesenchyme cell density prior to the time of normal palatal shelf elevation. Whereas both Has2\n                    <jats:sup>f\/f<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; Wnt1-Cre and Has2\n                    <jats:sup>f\/f<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; Osr2-Cre mutant mice exhibit cleft palate at complete penetrance, the Has2\n                    <jats:sup>f\/f<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; Wnt1-Cre fetuses showed dramatically reduced mandible size and complete failure of palatal shelf elevation, whereas Has2\n                    <jats:sup>f\/f<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; Osr2-Cre fetuses had normal mandibles and delayed palatal shelf elevation. All Has2\n                    <jats:sup>f\/f<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; Hand2-Cre pups showed reduced mandible size and about 50% of them had cleft palate with disruption of palatal shelf elevation. Results from explant culture assays indicate that disruption of palatal shelf elevation in Has2\n                    <jats:sup>f\/f<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; Hand2-Cre mutant fetuses resulted from physical obstruction by the malformed mandible and tongue. Together, these data indicate that hyaluronan plays a crucial intrinsic role in palatal shelf expansion and timely reorientation to the horizontal position above the tongue as well as an important role in mandibular morphogenesis that secondarily affects palatal shelf elevation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519872478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T19:33:15Z","timestamp":1568230395000},"page":"1367-1375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Requirement of Hyaluronan Synthase-2 in Craniofacial and Palate Development"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"},{"name":"Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA"},{"name":"Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"},{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"},{"name":"Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA"},{"name":"Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022034519872478","first-page":"195","volume":"136","author":"Abbott BD","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"bibr2-0022034519872478","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200405-652OC"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr3-0022034519872478","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.100.4.637","volume":"100","author":"Brinkley LL","year":"1987","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"bibr4-0022034519872478","first-page":"193","volume":"69","author":"Brinkley LL","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Embryol Exp 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